Traumatic injuries, tumor resections, and degenerative diseases can damage skeletal muscle and lead to functional impairment and severe disability. Skeletal muscle regeneration is a complex process that depends on various cell types, signaling molecules, architectural cues, and physicochemical properties to be successful. To promote muscle repair and regeneration, various strategies for skeletal muscle tissue engineering have been developed in the last decades. However, there is still a high demand for the development of new methods and materials that promote skeletal muscle repair and functional regeneration to bring approaches closer to therapies in the clinic that structurally and functionally repair muscle. The combination of stem cells, biomaterials, and biomolecules is used to induce skeletal muscle regeneration. In this review, we provide an overview of different cell types used to treat skeletal muscle injury, highlight current strategies in biomaterial-based approaches, the importance of topography for the successful creation of functional striated muscle fibers, and discuss novel methods for muscle regeneration and challenges for their future clinical implementation.

Separation and identification of molecules and biomolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides from complex fluids are known to be important due to unmet needs in various applications. Generally, many different separation techniques, including chromatography, electrophoresis, and magnetophoresis, have been developed to identify the target molecules precisely. However, these techniques are expensive and time consuming. “Lab‐on‐a‐chip” systems with low cost per device, quick analysis capabilities, and minimal sample consumption seem to be ideal candidates for separating particles, cells, blood samples, and molecules. From this perspective, different microfluidic‐based techniques have been extensively developed in the past two decades to separate samples with different origins. In this review, “lab‐on‐a‐chip” methods by passive, active, and hybrid approaches for the separation of biomolecules developed in the past decade are comprehensively discussed. Due to the wide variety in the field, it will be impossible to cover every facet of the subject. Therefore, this review paper covers passive and active methods generally used for biomolecule separation. Then, an investigation of the combined sophisticated methods is highlighted. The spotlight also will be shined on the elegance of separation successes in recent years, and the remainder of the article explores how these permit the development of novel techniques.

Non-targeted persistent immune activation or suppression by different drug delivery platforms can cause adverse and chronic physiological effects including cancer and arthritis. Therefore, non-toxic materials that do not trigger an immunogenic response during delivery are crucial for safe and effective in vivo treatment. Hydrogels are excellent candidates that can be engineered to control immune responses by modulating biomolecule release/adsorption, improving regeneration of lymphoid tissues, and enhancing function during antigen presentation. This review discusses the aspects of hydrogel-based systems used as drug delivery platforms for various diseases. A detailed investigation on different immunomodulation strategies for various delivery options and deliberate upon the outlook of such drug delivery platforms are conducted.

Potassium ferricyanide, potassium ferrocyanide, and their combination system are widely used redox probes for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) characterization. In this work, electrochemical behavior of K₃Fe(CN)₆, K₄Fe(CN)₆, and K₃Fe(CN)₆/K₄Fe(CN)₆ redox probes at five different concentrations using a screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and EIS methods was analyzed. Redox potentials were observed as a result of anodic and cathodic peak with CV analysis with determination 10 mM appropriate concentration through 0.01 mM, 0.1 mM, 1 mM, and 100 mM. In addition, with EIS analysis, each redox probe was simulated according to two different Randles circuit models and fitting equivalent model with varying concentration was determined and examined in detail. The results also demonstrated that selected high and low concentrations of redox probes can be categorized in two different models, although 1 mM behaved as a critical transition concentration. This study may contribute to the determination of relevant redox probe and its concentration in electrochemical investigations by selecting K₃Fe(CN)₆/K₄Fe(CN)₆ to decrease any risk of inaccuracy.