Carbon capture and storage is considered an effective mitigation strategy to reduce the most challenging emissions from heavy industries and gas processing. The safe transport of carbon dioxide via pipelines is an important aspect for developing large-scale Carbon Capture and Storage projects. Dispersion modeling for heavy gas such as carbon dioxide is considerably different from natural gas. The set up for modeling simulations is more challenging than conventional natural gas pipeline for several reasons, such as the differences in thermodynamics that must be considered. Moreover, when the carbon dioxide is transported in dense or liquid phase, the rapid phase changing, and possible consequent formation of solids should be considered. Finally, the equation of state required for accurate prediction of parameters is generally different than the ones applicable for natural gas. The main scope of this comprehensive review is to identify the most important parameters, critical events, suitable models, and identification of dispersion modeling issues. An extensive literature review of experiments conducted in the last ten years has been developed, experimental data, integral and simplified model, as well as CFD modeling issues has been identified and reported in the work proposed to highlight the advances and the gaps that could need further research activities.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is critical for climate-change policies and strategies targeting global warming within the Paris Agreement. The overarching technological requirements are well described in the strategic plans, yet several barriers exist to the technology's wide-spread deployment, including improved cost-effectiveness and enhanced process integration. For the safe and reliable operation of large-scale CCS systems, the development of effective Internet of things (IoT)-based monitoring tools to ensure flow assurance of CO 2 throughout the CCS value chain is crucial. Further, reliable sensor measurements related to different transport parameters such as temperature, pressure, and flow across the process are essential to develop these methods. However, sensors are prone to errors due to inherent issues or environmental conditions which result in performance degradation of the overall monitoring system. Developing techniques for detecting anomalies in the measurements, identifying the faulty sensors and accommodating them with appropriately estimated data is one of the paramount requirements for the reliable operation of the CCS systems. In such context, the present article provides an overview of CCS's monitoring and control requirements, emphasizing data-fusion synergies. This work investigates the state-of-the-art methods for sensor validation and proposes a roadmap to further deploy metering technologies for industrial needs.

Renewable energy communities (RECs) have been gaining momentum around the world, as a way to promote sustainable development and combat climate change. These communities are typically composed of individuals, businesses, and organizations that come together to invest in and promote the use of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydraulic power. This article focuses on the benefits that renewable energy communities bring to a territory through the diffusion of renewable energy systems, tackling different issues like local depopulation, increasing energy prices, and a lack of jobs, while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving air quality. The novelty of this article lies in the results from the first-of-its-kind national call within the Next Appennino program, part of the National Complementary plan, aimed at the formation and proliferation of RECs in the area severed by the 2009 and 2016 earthquakes in Italy, as a way to add social, environmental, and sustainable value to the reconstruction of this territory. The data refer to the municipality of Castelraimondo and Unione Montana dei Monti Azzurri (a consortium of mountain municipalities), both located in the Marche region. Analysis of the consumer and prosumer energy needs, as well as the quantification of the exploitable production from the new renewable generators installed, showed that a total of 6.134 GWh/year can be shared by the community.

Natural convection can be extremely relevant in the cooling process of electronic devices and the temperature and airflow motion distribution in rooms. A novel set-up has been built in this work to evaluate the velocity field in steady-state condition with only one partially heated wall. The scope of the work was to analyze the heat transfer mechanism and velocity fields in a scaled model of a room or an electronic device. Experimental analyses were conducted with the two-dimensional particle image velocimetry technique, and velocity fields have been measured for different cases. Numerical simulations have been developed for comparison purposes and validation of measurements with vector velocities maps. Following the validation, several numerical simulations have been carried out to provide a forecast of velocities values and vortex shape computed with the computational fluid dynamics model; average Nusselt number and Rayleigh number have also been calculated. A correlation for the Rayleigh and Nusselt number has been reported for the new configuration proposed. The results of calculated average velocities are in good agreement with the experimental measurements (average deviation between ±2% and ±8%), while some differences have been highlighted for the maximum velocity at the higher temperature.