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The recognition of livestock activity is essential to be eligible for subsides, to automatically supervise critical activities and to locate stray animals. In recent decades, research has been carried out into animal detection, but this paper also analyzes the detection of other key elements that can be used to verify the presence of livestock activity in a given terrain: manure piles, feeders, silage balls, silage storage areas, and slurry pits. In recent years, the trend is to apply Convolutional Neuronal Networks (CNN) as they offer significantly better results than those obtained by traditional techniques. To implement a livestock activity detection service, the following object detection algorithms have been evaluated: YOLOv2, YOLOv4, YOLOv5, SSD, and Azure Custom Vision. Since YOLOv5 offers the best results, producing a mean average precision (mAP) of 0.94, this detector is selected for the creation of a livestock activity recognition service. In order to deploy the service in the best infrastructure, the performance/cost ratio of various Azure cloud infrastructures are analyzed and compared with a local solution. The result is an efficient and accurate service that can help to identify the presence of livestock activity in a specified terrain.
Darío Lema; Oscar Pedrayes; Rubén Usamentiaga; Daniel García; Ángela Alonso. Cost-Performance Evaluation of a Recognition Service of Livestock Activity Using Aerial Images. Remote Sensing 2021, 13, 2318 .
AMA StyleDarío Lema, Oscar Pedrayes, Rubén Usamentiaga, Daniel García, Ángela Alonso. Cost-Performance Evaluation of a Recognition Service of Livestock Activity Using Aerial Images. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13 (12):2318.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDarío Lema; Oscar Pedrayes; Rubén Usamentiaga; Daniel García; Ángela Alonso. 2021. "Cost-Performance Evaluation of a Recognition Service of Livestock Activity Using Aerial Images." Remote Sensing 13, no. 12: 2318.
Land use classification using aerial imagery can be complex. Characteristics such as ground sampling distance, resolution, number of bands and the information these bands convey are the keys to its accuracy. Random Forest is the most widely used approach but better and more modern alternatives do exist. In this paper, state-of-the-art methods are evaluated, consisting of semantic segmentation networks such as UNet and DeepLabV3+. In addition, two datasets based on aircraft and satellite imagery are generated as a new state of the art to test land use classification. These datasets, called UOPNOA and UOS2, are publicly available. In this work, the performance of these networks and the two datasets generated are evaluated. This paper demonstrates that ground sampling distance is the most important factor in obtaining good semantic segmentation results, but a suitable number of bands can be as important. This proves that both aircraft and satellite imagery can produce good results, although for different reasons. Finally, cost performance for an inference prototype is evaluated, comparing various Microsoft Azure architectures. The evaluation concludes that using a GPU is unnecessarily costly for deployment. A GPU need only be used for training.
Oscar Pedrayes; Darío Lema; Daniel García; Rubén Usamentiaga; Ángela Alonso. Evaluation of Semantic Segmentation Methods for Land Use with Spectral Imaging Using Sentinel-2 and PNOA Imagery. Remote Sensing 2021, 13, 2292 .
AMA StyleOscar Pedrayes, Darío Lema, Daniel García, Rubén Usamentiaga, Ángela Alonso. Evaluation of Semantic Segmentation Methods for Land Use with Spectral Imaging Using Sentinel-2 and PNOA Imagery. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13 (12):2292.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOscar Pedrayes; Darío Lema; Daniel García; Rubén Usamentiaga; Ángela Alonso. 2021. "Evaluation of Semantic Segmentation Methods for Land Use with Spectral Imaging Using Sentinel-2 and PNOA Imagery." Remote Sensing 13, no. 12: 2292.
In the design process of a hybrid cloud with the purpose of cost optimization, finding the optimal distribution between the resources to be deployed in both private and public clouds is a complex task. To help the cloud designer in this task, optimizer and simulation tools can be used. In the research presented in this paper, a state-of-the-art optimizer tool, designed for the optimal allocation of virtual machines in public clouds for cost optimization, is analyzed for its use in hybrid cloud scenarios. In addition, based on the system and workload model implemented by this tool, a simulator is developed and presented. The simulator provides detailed run-time performance information corresponding to the virtual machine allocations generated by the optimizer tool, offering essential analysis capabilities to the cloud designer. A motivating scenario is used to show how the combined utilization of the optimizer and simulation tools can offer fundamental help in the design and configuration process of hybrid clouds. The research questions posed in the motivating scenario are addressed in a set of experiments, which provide meaningful insights into the capabilities of the tools. The tools and all the experimental data carried out in this research have been made publicly available.
Joaquín Entrialgo; Manuel García; José Luis Díaz; Javier García; Daniel F. García. Modelling and simulation for cost optimization and performance analysis of transactional applications in hybrid clouds. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 2021, 102311 .
AMA StyleJoaquín Entrialgo, Manuel García, José Luis Díaz, Javier García, Daniel F. García. Modelling and simulation for cost optimization and performance analysis of transactional applications in hybrid clouds. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory. 2021; ():102311.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoaquín Entrialgo; Manuel García; José Luis Díaz; Javier García; Daniel F. García. 2021. "Modelling and simulation for cost optimization and performance analysis of transactional applications in hybrid clouds." Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory , no. : 102311.
In this paper a surface inspection system for rails is presented. Rails must meet the strict requirements of international quality standards, however there are few commercial surface inspection systems for rails and also, a lack of publications describing the design and configuration of inspection systems in detail. Therefore, manufacturers must develop their own systems or buy one of the few commercial ones available. These systems also need a long, cumbersome and expensive configuration process the manufacturer cannot perform without the assistance of the inspection system provider. The system proposed in this paper needs a set of samples and the requirements of the international standards to carry out an automatic configuration process avoiding the cost of manual configuration. The system uses four profilometers to acquire the surface of the rail. The acquired data is compared to a mathematical model of the rail to generate differential topographic images of the surface of the rail. Then a computer vision algorithm is used to detect defects based on the tolerances established in the international quality standards. The system has been tested and validated using a set of rails and a rail pattern from ArcelorMittal, with better results than the other two systems installed in a factory.
Francisco J. Delacalle; Daniel F. Garcia; Ruben Usamentiaga. Rail Surface Inspection System Using Differential Topographic Images. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2021, 57, 2994 -3003.
AMA StyleFrancisco J. Delacalle, Daniel F. Garcia, Ruben Usamentiaga. Rail Surface Inspection System Using Differential Topographic Images. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2021; 57 (3):2994-3003.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancisco J. Delacalle; Daniel F. Garcia; Ruben Usamentiaga. 2021. "Rail Surface Inspection System Using Differential Topographic Images." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 57, no. 3: 2994-3003.
Dimensional quality control is a key issue in product manufacturing, particularly in long products such as rails or beams. To this end, international standards define precise methods to test if the dimensions are within the established tolerances, indicating whether they meet the required specification. The standards describe these methods using gauges that technicians can use to manually verify the dimensions of the product. In some cases, these methods provide different results from automated procedures, as they are based on different principles. To eliminate these discrepancies, this work proposes a novel automated method that emulates manual testing using virtual gauges. The proposed approach is based on an iterative procedure that aligns virtual gauges with the measured product shape, preventing one shape from penetrating another. This is achieved by assigning different weights to point correspondences according to their position. The result perfectly emulates the manual procedure, substituting the long and tedious manual procedure with a fast and robust automated alternative. Moreover, the proposed method can be applied to any dimensions with any type of gauge. Extensive tests with synthetic and manufactured rails corroborate the success of this approach.
Ruben Usamentiaga; Daniel F. Garcia; Francisco J. Delacalle. Automated Virtual Gauges for Dimensional Quality Control. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2021, 57, 2983 -2993.
AMA StyleRuben Usamentiaga, Daniel F. Garcia, Francisco J. Delacalle. Automated Virtual Gauges for Dimensional Quality Control. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2021; 57 (3):2983-2993.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuben Usamentiaga; Daniel F. Garcia; Francisco J. Delacalle. 2021. "Automated Virtual Gauges for Dimensional Quality Control." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 57, no. 3: 2983-2993.
Power consumption costs of computer fleets can be one of the main operational costs of medium or large-sized office sites. In order to optimise the power consumption of the fleet, a set of optimal power management policies must be generated and enforced. Generating these policies is an optimisation problem of finding the power off timeout value for each computer that maximises energy savings while guaranteeing user satisfaction. To solve this problem, understanding the computer utilisation patterns of the users and defining a metric of user satisfaction is fundamental. This paper presents a method to analyse user activity and inactivity, extract models from previously recorded utilisation logs and use them to manage a whole computer fleet. A tool that implements this method is also introduced. This tool generates power management policies from utilisation logs. It analyses the effects of variations in fleet characteristics on policies by means of discrete event simulation. It also seeks to understand the behavioural patterns of users over weekly periods. Finally, it generates utilisation logs from high level descriptions of fleets. This tool offers a simulation to study diverse fleet configurations and generation of synthetic fleets.
Ramón Medrano Llamas; Joaquín Entrialgo; Daniel F. García. Modelling user satisfaction for power-usage optimisation of computer fleets. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 2020, 108, 102263 .
AMA StyleRamón Medrano Llamas, Joaquín Entrialgo, Daniel F. García. Modelling user satisfaction for power-usage optimisation of computer fleets. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory. 2020; 108 ():102263.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamón Medrano Llamas; Joaquín Entrialgo; Daniel F. García. 2020. "Modelling user satisfaction for power-usage optimisation of computer fleets." Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 108, no. : 102263.
Intelligent automation, including robotics, is one of the current trends in the manufacturing industry in the context of “Industry 4.0”, where cyber-physical systems control the production at automated or semi-automated factories. Robots are perfect substitutes for a skilled workforce for some repeatable, general, and strategically-important tasks. However, this transformation is not always feasible and immediate, since certain technologies do not provide the required degree of flexibility. The introduction of collaborative robots in the industry permits the combination of the advantages of manual and automated production. In some processes, it is necessary to incorporate robots from different manufacturers, thus the design of these multi-robot systems is crucial to guarantee the maximum quality and efficiency. In this context, this paper presents a novel methodology for process automation design, enhanced implementation, and real-time monitoring in operation based on creating a digital twin of the manufacturing process with an immersive virtual reality interface to be used as a virtual testbed before the physical implementation. Moreover, it can be efficiently used for operator training, real-time monitoring, and feasibility studies of future optimizations. It has been validated in a use case which provides a solution for an assembly manufacturing process.
Luis Pérez; Silvia Rodríguez-Jiménez; Nuria Rodríguez; Rubén Usamentiaga; Daniel F. García. Digital Twin and Virtual Reality Based Methodology for Multi-Robot Manufacturing Cell Commissioning. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 3633 .
AMA StyleLuis Pérez, Silvia Rodríguez-Jiménez, Nuria Rodríguez, Rubén Usamentiaga, Daniel F. García. Digital Twin and Virtual Reality Based Methodology for Multi-Robot Manufacturing Cell Commissioning. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (10):3633.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Pérez; Silvia Rodríguez-Jiménez; Nuria Rodríguez; Rubén Usamentiaga; Daniel F. García. 2020. "Digital Twin and Virtual Reality Based Methodology for Multi-Robot Manufacturing Cell Commissioning." Applied Sciences 10, no. 10: 3633.
Current industrial products must meet quality requirements defined by international standards. Most commercial surface inspection systems give qualitative detections after a long, cumbersome and very expensive configuration process made by the seller company. In this paper, a new surface defect detection method is proposed based on 3D laser reconstruction. The method compares the long products, scan by scan, with their desired shape and produces differential topographic images of the surface at very high speeds. This work proposes a novel method where the values of the pixels in the images have a direct translation to real-world dimensions, which enables a detection based on the tolerances defined by international standards. These images are processed using computer vision techniques to detect defects and filter erroneous detections using both statistical distributions and a multilayer perceptron. Moreover, a systematic configuration procedure is proposed that is repeatable and can be performed by the manufacturer. The method has been tested using train track rails, which reports better results than two photometric systems including one commercial system, in both defect detection and erroneous detection rate. The method has been validated using a surface inspection rail pattern showing excellent performance.
F.J. Delacalle Herrero; Daniel F. García; Rubén Usamentiaga. Surface Defect System for Long Product Manufacturing Using Differential Topographic Images. Sensors 2020, 20, 2142 .
AMA StyleF.J. Delacalle Herrero, Daniel F. García, Rubén Usamentiaga. Surface Defect System for Long Product Manufacturing Using Differential Topographic Images. Sensors. 2020; 20 (7):2142.
Chicago/Turabian StyleF.J. Delacalle Herrero; Daniel F. García; Rubén Usamentiaga. 2020. "Surface Defect System for Long Product Manufacturing Using Differential Topographic Images." Sensors 20, no. 7: 2142.
Infrared thermography is nowadays used in a wide range of applications. In the steel industry, infrared thermography is mostly used for temperature measurement, which is required for process and quality control. In this work, a high-speed temperature monitoring system for steel strips is proposed. The proposed system is based on infrared line-scanners, which are the most suitable devices for temperature monitoring of moving objects. Accurate temperature measurement is critical for this type of application. Therefore, a rigorous methodology to apply quantitative thermography is presented. In addition, this work proposes accurate temperature and spatial calibrations, including a geometrical model, calibration targets and an optimization procedure. The proposed calibrations open up the possibility of detecting regions of interest in the resulting thermograms, determining the position with accuracy while avoiding distortions. The proposed system is applied to a real industrial application: temperature monitoring in cold rolling. Tests show excellent performance, producing accurate results that provide detailed information about the temperature of very long steel strips.
Ruben Usamentiaga; Daniel F. Garcia; Jesus Maria Perez; Garcia Daniel. High-Speed Temperature Monitoring for Steel Strips Using Infrared Line Scanners. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2020, 56, 3261 -3271.
AMA StyleRuben Usamentiaga, Daniel F. Garcia, Jesus Maria Perez, Garcia Daniel. High-Speed Temperature Monitoring for Steel Strips Using Infrared Line Scanners. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2020; 56 (3):3261-3271.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuben Usamentiaga; Daniel F. Garcia; Jesus Maria Perez; Garcia Daniel. 2020. "High-Speed Temperature Monitoring for Steel Strips Using Infrared Line Scanners." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 56, no. 3: 3261-3271.
Calibration, registration, reconstruction and measurement are the fundamental tasks required for the inspection of dimensions in long steel products. Calibration is performed offline. The rest of the tasks are performed repeatedly while the long steel product is moved under 3D reconstruction sensors. This work proposes robust methods for the reconstruction of long steel products. In addition, measurement procedures for some representative dimensions are presented. Three different reconstruction procedures are proposed: reconstruction based on geometric primitives in the model of the product, reconstruction based on local fitting and reconstruction based on piecewise linear approximation. Tests on synthetic on real data indicate excellent performance in terms of computational costs and measurement accuracy. Conclusions also provide recommendations for the application of the proposed reconstruction procedures depending on whether a model is available or not, and the type of features that need to be calculated for the long steel products.
Ruben Usamentiaga; Daniel F. Garcia; Francisco Javier Delacalle Herrero. Geometric Reconstruction and Measurement of Long Steel Products Using 3-D Sensors in Real Time. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2019, 55, 5476 -5486.
AMA StyleRuben Usamentiaga, Daniel F. Garcia, Francisco Javier Delacalle Herrero. Geometric Reconstruction and Measurement of Long Steel Products Using 3-D Sensors in Real Time. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2019; 55 (5):5476-5486.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuben Usamentiaga; Daniel F. Garcia; Francisco Javier Delacalle Herrero. 2019. "Geometric Reconstruction and Measurement of Long Steel Products Using 3-D Sensors in Real Time." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 55, no. 5: 5476-5486.
Profile measuring is a key data acquisition process in the rail manufacturing industry. In rail rolling mills, profile measurement systems inspect the shape of the rail profiles to assess their dimensional quality. This assessment can be used in order to provide feedback for shape control devices in upstream manufacturing, and also to check whether the products are compliant with rail standards and client requirements. This paper deals with designing autonomic computing capabilities, specifically self-awareness, to a rail profile measurement system based on laser range finding, and then evaluating their suitability for the following tasks: i) automatically detect changes in both the working environment and the operating conditions; and ii) warn process computers and operators of the rail rolling mill when working conditions indicate that the accuracy of the inspection system has fallen below a given threshold.
Alvaro Fernandez Millara; Julio Molleda; Ruben Usamentiaga; Daniel F. Garcia; Garcia Daniel. Profile Measurement of Rails in a Rolling Mill: Implementing and Evaluating Autonomic Computing Capabilities. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2019, 55, 5466 -5475.
AMA StyleAlvaro Fernandez Millara, Julio Molleda, Ruben Usamentiaga, Daniel F. Garcia, Garcia Daniel. Profile Measurement of Rails in a Rolling Mill: Implementing and Evaluating Autonomic Computing Capabilities. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2019; 55 (5):5466-5475.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlvaro Fernandez Millara; Julio Molleda; Ruben Usamentiaga; Daniel F. Garcia; Garcia Daniel. 2019. "Profile Measurement of Rails in a Rolling Mill: Implementing and Evaluating Autonomic Computing Capabilities." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 55, no. 5: 5466-5475.
The current manufacturing industries need efficient quality control systems to ensure their products are free of defects. In most cases, surface inspection is carried out by automatic systems that process 2D images which lack measurable information such as the height or depth of the surface defects. An alternative technology for surface inspection is laser scanning. Using this technique, a 3D representation of a product can be generated and therefore, defects can be easily measured. This paper proposes a real-time algorithm to generate differential topographic images of the surface of a product using laser scanning. The images generated by the proposed method are a flattened representation of the surface of the product which compare it to a perfect-shaped product. In these images, the volumetric defects can be easily segmented and measured using computer vision techniques to fulfill the requirements of the international standards of quality. The proposed algorithm is tested on 500,000 profiles meeting the constraints of real time.
F. J. Delacalle; Daniel García; Rubén Usamentiaga. Generation of differential topographic images for surface inspection of long products. Journal of Real-Time Image Processing 2019, 17, 967 -980.
AMA StyleF. J. Delacalle, Daniel García, Rubén Usamentiaga. Generation of differential topographic images for surface inspection of long products. Journal of Real-Time Image Processing. 2019; 17 (4):967-980.
Chicago/Turabian StyleF. J. Delacalle; Daniel García; Rubén Usamentiaga. 2019. "Generation of differential topographic images for surface inspection of long products." Journal of Real-Time Image Processing 17, no. 4: 967-980.
The advent of hybrid cloud technologies and public Infrastructures as a Service (IaaS) allows service developers to offer services to their customers with little upfront investment and to adapt services to different workload sizes. The problem of minimizing the costs of the hired public infrastructure while providing the quality of service needed by the final customer arises when using hybrid clouds. Several scheduling strategies have been proposed to solve this problem for services dealing with deadline‐constrained bag‐of‐tasks workloads. Most of these solutions do not consider the variable performance of the clouds, the provisioning delay of virtual machine instances that affects the elasticity, and the impracticality of having good processing time estimations in real systems. We propose a scheduler algorithm that overcomes previous limitations and can minimize the cost of the infrastructure while maximizing the number of deadlines met by the service. Our solution can work autonomously by using sampled observations of the processing times and considers the heterogeneity and the provisioning time of the virtual machine instances. An evaluation was conducted by simulating different scenarios and workload types. Simulation results show that our solution obtains better or similar results than previous techniques in most scenarios in terms of deadlines met.
Víctor Peláez; Antonio Campos; Daniel F. García; Joaquín Entrialgo. Online scheduling of deadline-constrained bag-of-task workloads on hybrid clouds. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience 2018, 30, e4639 .
AMA StyleVíctor Peláez, Antonio Campos, Daniel F. García, Joaquín Entrialgo. Online scheduling of deadline-constrained bag-of-task workloads on hybrid clouds. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience. 2018; 30 (19):e4639.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVíctor Peláez; Antonio Campos; Daniel F. García; Joaquín Entrialgo. 2018. "Online scheduling of deadline-constrained bag-of-task workloads on hybrid clouds." Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience 30, no. 19: e4639.
In this paper a surface inspection system for rails is proposed. There is a lack of commercial systems and publications about surface inspection of rails. Therefore, the quality control developed by rail manufacturers depends on their own developed systems or on the equipments provided by very few sellers. Commercial systems must be configured manually by experts of seller companies. The configuration process requires large sets of all types of manufactured rails along several periods of time and the active participation of the quality engineers of the manufacturer. This is a long, cumbersome and very expensive process. In this paper we propose a new system that can be configured using a systematic method that can be performed by the quality engineers of the manufacturer. The proposed inspection system uses differential images of the rail surfaces obtained with a technique called the Spectral Images Differentiation Procedure. These images are processed using a computer vision algorithm that looks for variations in the pixel values among the images. In order to offer more information, a neural network approach is used for classifying detected defects into six types. The proposed system is an open solution for the inspection of rail surface, easy to implement at an affordable cost, which can be systematically configured by the quality engineers of the manufacturing company.
Francisco Javier De La Calle Herrero; Daniel F. Garcia; Ruben Usamentiaga. Inspection System for Rail Surfaces Using Differential Images. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2018, 54, 4948 -4957.
AMA StyleFrancisco Javier De La Calle Herrero, Daniel F. Garcia, Ruben Usamentiaga. Inspection System for Rail Surfaces Using Differential Images. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2018; 54 (5):4948-4957.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancisco Javier De La Calle Herrero; Daniel F. Garcia; Ruben Usamentiaga. 2018. "Inspection System for Rail Surfaces Using Differential Images." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 54, no. 5: 4948-4957.
Calibration and registration are two challenging tasks required by a real-time inspection system for long steel products based on multiple three-dimensional sensors. Spatial calibration is required to transform the information acquired by each sensor into a common reference system. Registration is used to align the calculated shape with the model of the product being inspected, which enables the calculation of quality control parameters. This paper proposes efficient solutions for these two problems. Calibration is performed using a specially designed calibration plate that can be used to detect the position and orientation of each sensor. Registration is applied using an analytic alignment between the data and the model. The proposed methods are specially designed to perform accurately in industrial environments where inspection systems are exposed to adverse conditions, such as dust, oil, or water, which provoke noise in the signals. Moreover, vibrations affect the position of the inspected product randomly, which makes accurate measurements much more difficult to achieve. The proposed procedures are validated with extensive tests using real and simulated data showing excellent performance.
Ruben Usamentiaga; Daniel F. Garcia; Francisco Javier De La Calle Herrero. Real-Time Inspection of Long Steel Products Using 3-D Sensors: Calibration and Registration. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2018, 54, 2955 -2963.
AMA StyleRuben Usamentiaga, Daniel F. Garcia, Francisco Javier De La Calle Herrero. Real-Time Inspection of Long Steel Products Using 3-D Sensors: Calibration and Registration. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2018; 54 (3):2955-2963.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuben Usamentiaga; Daniel F. Garcia; Francisco Javier De La Calle Herrero. 2018. "Real-Time Inspection of Long Steel Products Using 3-D Sensors: Calibration and Registration." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 54, no. 3: 2955-2963.
Infrared thermography offers significant advantages in monitoring the temperature of objects over time, but crucial aspects need to be addressed. Movements between the infrared camera and the inspected material seriously affect the accuracy of the calculated temperature. These movements can be the consequence of solid objects that are moved, molten metal poured, material on a conveyor belt, or just vibrations. This work proposes a solution for monitoring the temperature of material in these scenarios. In this work both real movements and vibrations are treated equally, proposing a unified solution for both problems. The three key steps of the proposed procedure are image rectification, motion estimation and motion compensation. Image rectification calculates a front-parallel projection of the image that simplifies the estimation and compensation of the movement. Motion estimation describes the movement using a mathematical model, and estimates the coefficients using robust methods adapted to infrared images. Motion is finally compensated for in order to produce the correct temperature time history of the monitored material regardless of the movement. The result is a robust sensor for temperature of moving material that can also be used to measure the speed of the material. Different experiments are carried out to validate the proposed method in laboratory and real environments. Results show excellent performance.
Rubén Usamentiaga; Daniel Fernando García. Infrared Thermography Sensor for Temperature and Speed Measurement of Moving Material. Sensors 2017, 17, 1157 .
AMA StyleRubén Usamentiaga, Daniel Fernando García. Infrared Thermography Sensor for Temperature and Speed Measurement of Moving Material. Sensors. 2017; 17 (5):1157.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRubén Usamentiaga; Daniel Fernando García. 2017. "Infrared Thermography Sensor for Temperature and Speed Measurement of Moving Material." Sensors 17, no. 5: 1157.
This paper deals with the problem of measuring the flatness of rails in the final stage of their manufacturing. The flatness must be measured repeatedly along the total length of the rails. Controlling the flatness of manufactured rails is very important; only rails with very good flatness can be used in high-speed railways. Rails with moderate flatness defects can be used in standard railways, but if the flatness defects are greater than specific tolerances, the rails must undergo a straightening process or be discarded. To measure flatness, we propose a method based on emulation of the manual measurement process: the placement of virtual rules along the entire length of rails. The goal of using virtual rules is to measure potential rail defects. The results indicate which of the rails meets the minimum quality conditions required and which need to be re-manufactured or even discarded. The proposed method is based on an official standard: the European Standard EN-13674-1-2011. An extensive dataset of rails has been measured to test the performance of the proposed method. Results indicate the proposed method is robust and accurate.
Pedro Manso Bernal; Daniel F. Garcia; Ruben Usamentiaga. Rail Flatness Measurement Method Based on Virtual Rules. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2017, 53, 4116 -4124.
AMA StylePedro Manso Bernal, Daniel F. Garcia, Ruben Usamentiaga. Rail Flatness Measurement Method Based on Virtual Rules. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2017; 53 (4):4116-4124.
Chicago/Turabian StylePedro Manso Bernal; Daniel F. Garcia; Ruben Usamentiaga. 2017. "Rail Flatness Measurement Method Based on Virtual Rules." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 53, no. 4: 4116-4124.
In the factory of the future, most of the operations will be done by autonomous robots that need visual feedback to move around the working space avoiding obstacles, to work collaboratively with humans, to identify and locate the working parts, to complete the information provided by other sensors to improve their positioning accuracy, etc. Different vision techniques, such as photogrammetry, stereo vision, structured light, time of flight and laser triangulation, among others, are widely used for inspection and quality control processes in the industry and now for robot guidance. Choosing which type of vision system to use is highly dependent on the parts that need to be located or measured. Thus, in this paper a comparative review of different machine vision techniques for robot guidance is presented. This work analyzes accuracy, range and weight of the sensors, safety, processing time and environmental influences. Researchers and developers can take it as a background information for their future works.
Luis Pérez; Íñigo Rodríguez; Nuria Rodríguez; Rubén Usamentiaga; Daniel F. García. Robot Guidance Using Machine Vision Techniques in Industrial Environments: A Comparative Review. Sensors 2016, 16, 335 .
AMA StyleLuis Pérez, Íñigo Rodríguez, Nuria Rodríguez, Rubén Usamentiaga, Daniel F. García. Robot Guidance Using Machine Vision Techniques in Industrial Environments: A Comparative Review. Sensors. 2016; 16 (3):335.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Pérez; Íñigo Rodríguez; Nuria Rodríguez; Rubén Usamentiaga; Daniel F. García. 2016. "Robot Guidance Using Machine Vision Techniques in Industrial Environments: A Comparative Review." Sensors 16, no. 3: 335.
The increasing use of server clusters has made their energy consumption an important issue. To address it, several power management techniques are being developed. In order to be useful, these techniques must address the performance and availability implications of reducing energy consumption. This paper presents a power management technique that maintains the quality of service (QoS) levels specified with service level agreements expressed as a threshold for a percentile of the response time. In addition, it provides self-healing by identifying when servers fail and automatically provisioning new servers. The technique is based on balancing the load so that it is concentrated in a small number of servers. For this, it only requires two utilization thresholds and models of performance and power consumption for the application executed in the server. It works in heterogeneous servers and provides overload protection. Several experiments carried out on a prototype show that the technique reduces energy consumption (up to 57.59 % compared to an always-on policy) while providing self-healing and maintaining the QoS.
Joaquín Entrialgo; Ramón Medrano; Daniel Fernando García; Javier García. Autonomic power management with self-healing in server clusters under QoS constraints. Computing 2015, 98, 871 -894.
AMA StyleJoaquín Entrialgo, Ramón Medrano, Daniel Fernando García, Javier García. Autonomic power management with self-healing in server clusters under QoS constraints. Computing. 2015; 98 (9):871-894.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoaquín Entrialgo; Ramón Medrano; Daniel Fernando García; Javier García. 2015. "Autonomic power management with self-healing in server clusters under QoS constraints." Computing 98, no. 9: 871-894.
3D reconstruction based on laser light projection is a well-known method that generally provides accurate results. However, when this method is used for inspection in uncontrolled environments, it is greatly affected by vibrations. This paper presents a structured-light sensor based on two laser stripes that provides a 3D reconstruction without vibrations. Using more than one laser stripe provides redundant information than is used to compensate for the vibrations. This work also proposes an accurate calibration process for the sensor based on standard calibration plates. A series of experiments are performed to evaluate the proposed method using a mechanical device that simulates vibrations. Results show excellent performance, with very good accuracy.
Rubén Usamentiaga; Julio Molleda; Daniel F. Garcia. Structured-Light Sensor Using Two Laser Stripes for 3D Reconstruction without Vibrations. Sensors 2014, 14, 20041 -20063.
AMA StyleRubén Usamentiaga, Julio Molleda, Daniel F. Garcia. Structured-Light Sensor Using Two Laser Stripes for 3D Reconstruction without Vibrations. Sensors. 2014; 14 (11):20041-20063.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRubén Usamentiaga; Julio Molleda; Daniel F. Garcia. 2014. "Structured-Light Sensor Using Two Laser Stripes for 3D Reconstruction without Vibrations." Sensors 14, no. 11: 20041-20063.