Background: Dietary diversity has been recognized as a significant component of high-quality diets for children’s growth and development. Poor infant and young child feeding practices in the first one thousand days of age is the major contributor of malnutrition that leads to failure to thrive to their age, in low-income countries including Ethiopia. It causes long-term consequences of chronic malnutrition, including as stunting, has an impact on intellectual development, and raises the risk of several infectious diseases and death. There was no research done on the dietary diversity of the children in the study area. Objective: The main objective of this study was to assess minimum dietary diversity and associated factors among children aged from 6-23 months in Enebsie Sar Midir Woreda. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study design was used to assess the minimum dietary diversity and associated factors among children aged 6–23 months in Enebsie Sar Midir Woreda, East Gojjam, North West Ethiopia. A total of 512 Mothers/caregivers of children of 6–23 months old in the community were included in the study using a systemic sampling technique. Data were collected by the interviewer-administered structured, pre-tested questionnaire. A 24-hour recall method was used to capture the dietary intake of children during the previous 24 h period before the interview. The data were coded and entered into SPSS for windows version 20 and analyzed after cleaning. Descriptive statistics and bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to isolate independent predictors of minimum dietary diversity. All tests were two-sided and P < 0.05 was used for declaring statistical significance. Results: The overall prevalence of minimum dietary diversity was 18.2% (CI: 14.8, 21.7). The dominant food groups consumed were roots, grains, and tubers. While consumption of vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables and other vegetables were relatively low. On multivariable logistic regression model, after adjusting for other variables, availability of cow’s milk at household (AOR = 17.27; 95% CI: 6.73, 44.44), cultivating vegetables (AOR = 3.2; 95% CI: 1.05, 9.8), availability of farmland (AOR= 10.15, 95%CI: 1.78, 57.93) and number of animals (AOR = 6.46; 95% CI: 1.97, 21.12) were significantly associated with minimum dietary diversity. Conclusion: The proportion of infant and young children aged between 6-23months receiving minimum dietary diversity score is low compared with a study conducted in Addis Ababa. Availability of both animal and plant-source foods from household production was positively associated with practicing the minimum dietary diversity among children implying the need for strengthening nutrition-sensitive agricultural practices.

Objectives This study aimed to assess the nutritional status and its associated factors among elderly people. Design A community-based cross-sectional study. Setting The study was conducted in urban and semiurban areas. Participants The study included 620 elderly community dwellers in Southwest Ethiopia from 3 October 2021 to 10 November 2021. Those who were seriously ill, could not get around or were on special diets were excluded from the study. Outcome measure The Mini Nutritional Assessment was used to evaluate nutritional status and the STEPwise approach was used to collect data on backgrounds and lifestyle. SPSS V.22.0 was used for data analysis. Logistic regression was computed. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results Elderly people who were malnourished or at risk of malnutrition were found to make up 48.1% (44.1%) and 17.4% (14.5%) of the population, respectively. Those aged 80 years and older had a chance of being at risk of malnutrition (adjusted OR (AOR)=22.555; 95% CI: 7.963 to 63.881), while the odds of being malnourished were 11.5 times higher (AOR=11.755; 95% CI: 4.825 to 28.638). Informal education was a significant predictor of being at risk of malnutrition (AOR=6.102; 95% CI: 2.684 to 13.871). Urban dwellers were 8.9 times more likely to be malnourished. Inadequate financial resources make people 3.7 times more likely to be malnourished. A lower wealth index was a significant predictor of being at risk of malnutrition (AOR=4.156; 95% CI: 1.361 to 12.692). Single elderly people had a 3.4-fold higher risk of malnutrition. Elderly people with chronic pain, who were smokers and alcoholics, and who had depression were all at risk of nutritional problems. Conclusion The risk of malnutrition and malnourishment was high. Age, urbanisation, finances, education, economics, being a woman, smoking and alcohol are associated factors. Interventional studies are warranted to minimise malnutrition challenges in the study population.

Objective To assess the magnitude of dietary diversity and associated factors among pregnant women in the rural communities of Jimma Zone, south-west Ethiopia. Design A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 June to 30 June 2020. Settings The study was conducted in Seka Chekorsa and Mana districts. From a total of 63 listed kebeles, 21 were randomly selected. Participants Three hundred sixty first-trimester pregnant women have participated in this study. We used a systematic random sampling method to select the participants after a home-to-home census. Primary and secondary outcomes Dietary diversity was assessed using a 24 hours dietary recall method. Descriptive statistics were computed to describe the study subjects. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was run to control for all possible confounding effects and measure the strength of association between the outcome of interest and predictor. Results The overall magnitude of adequate dietary diversity was found to be 186 (51.7%); 95% CI 46.1% to 56.4%). Having attended elementary education (adjusted OR (AOR)=2.45; 95% CI 1.33 to 4.51), completed grade 8 (AOR=6.05; 95% CI 2.65 to 13.80), attended high school (AOR=11.69; 95% CI 3.76 to 36.27), completed high school and above (AOR=2.92; 95% CI 1.16 to 7.32), husbands attended high school (AOR=2.92; 95% CI 1.15 to 7.47), family size of less than five (AOR=3.44; 95% CI to 1.77–6.66) were positively significantly associated with adequate dietary diversity. On the other hand, not had additional meal during pregnancy (AOR=0.42; 95% CI 0.21 to 0.83) was negatively associated with adequate dietary diversity. Conclusions We observed that the adequate dietary diversity score of pregnant women was low compared with the pooled proportion of dietary diversity conducted in Ethiopia. Therefore, strengthening and promoting female education through intersectoral collaborations and additional meal counselling during pregnancy is indispensable.

Background Owing to the unavoidable consequences of nutritional transition, the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) is an emerging public health problem. An increasing number of studies have found that Ethiopians face a DBM. However, country-level evidence has not yet been summarised using a scoping review study design. Objective The main objective of this review was to map the national evidence on DBM in Ethiopia for the implications of research gap identifications. Eligibility criteria The population, concept and context approach was used. All age groups, box sexes, all dates of publication and articles in English language focused on DBM conducted in Ethiopia were included. Sources of evidence Primary research articles, systematic reviews, meta-analyses and scoping reviews searched from electronic databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, Wiley Online Library, Google Scholar and Google were the sources of evidence. Charting methods The Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer’s manual was used as a review methodology. The authors, publication year, region, study design, sample size, population group, measured outcomes and main findings were charted in a table. Results A total of 35 articles met the inclusion criteria among 124 426 participants. The average summarised prevalence of DBM was 33.6%, with the average proportions of undernutrition and overnutrition at 21.5% and 12.1%, respectively. The major factors that influenced the DBM were categorised as child, maternal, adolescent, household and adult-related factors. Conclusion In Ethiopia, the overall prevalence of DBM is high, which makes one-third of the population affected by DBM. The foremost determinant factors that influenced the DBM were characterised as child, maternal, adolescent, household and adult-related factors. Therefore, a double-duty interventions should be used to address DBM, considering multilevel factors at the individual, community and societal levels. Protocol registration This review was registered on the figshare website on 28 February 2021, with DOI number https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14131874. The review protocol was published with a DOI number http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050805.

Background: Under-nutrition is a global problem and one of the most serious public health issues. Globally, 156 million under-five children were stunted, and 50 million were wasted in 2016. Malnutrition among preschool-age children is caused by low socioeconomic status, food insecurity, poor feeding practices, and infectious diseases. This intervention aimed to evaluate the effect of nutrition education delivered through trained health professionals in improving the nutritional status of preschool -aged children. Methods: A quasi-experimental design among 588 preschool –aged children was used. A multistage sampling technique followed by a systematic random sampling technique was used to identify caregivers with preschool-aged children. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data. The baseline difference in demographic and socioeconomic characteristics between the two groups was examined using a chi-square test and an independent sample t-test was used to determine the mean difference in under-nutrition between the intervention and control groups. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to determine the change in the difference in outcome between the intervention and control groups as well as the association of predictors with under-nutrition in children. The Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals was reported to show the strength of the association. Variables with a p-value of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant in multivariable analysis. Results: In this study, the nutritional status of preschool age children was significantly associated with nutrition education intervention [AOR = 0.566, 95% CI: (0.347, 0.923)], place of delivery [AOR = 0.724, 95% CI: (0.551, 0.951)], ARI in the last 2 weeks [AOR = 1.823, 95% CI: (1.226, 2.710)], source of drinking water [AOR = 0.624, 95% CI: (0.484, 0.805)] and household food security [AOR = 1.311, 95% CI: (1.030, 1.669)] . Conclusions: Findings of this study showed that nutrition education can effectively reduce the magnitude of under-nutrition among preschool children. Under-nutrition was e significantly associated with nutritional education, place of delivery, ARI in the last 2 weeks, source of drinking water, and food security. Therefore, both government and non-government should consider the impacts of nutrition education to alleviate under-nutrition and improve the health status of preschool-age children.