Context: SARS-CoV-2, a member of family Coronaviridae and the causative agent of COVID-19, is a virus which is transmitted to human and other mammals. Aims: To analyze the B-cell epitope conserved region and viroinformatics-based study of the SARS-CoV-2 lineage from Indonesian B.1.1.7 isolates to invent a vaccine nominee for overcoming COVID-19. Methods: The sequences of seven Indonesian B.1.1.7 isolates, Wuhan-Hu-1 isolate, and WIV04 isolate were extracted from the GISAID EpiCoV and GenBank, NCBI. MEGA X was employed to understand the transformations of amino acid in the S protein and to develop a molecular phylogenetic tree. The IEDB was implemented to reveal the linear B-cell epitopes. In addition, PEP-FOLD3 web server was utilized to perform peptide modeling, while docking was performed using PatchDock, FireDock, and the PyMOL software. Moreover, in silico cloning was developed by using SnapGene v.3.2.1 software. Results: In this study, the changes of amino acid in all seven Indonesian B.1.1.7 isolates were uncovered. Furthermore, various peptides based on the B-cell epitope prediction, allergenicity prediction, toxicity prediction from S protein to generate a vaccine contrary to SARS-CoV-2 were identified. Furthermore, the development of in silico cloning using pET plasmid was successfully achieved. Conclusions: This study exhibits the transformations of amino acid in Indonesian B.1.1.7 isolates, and proposes four peptides (“LTPGDSSSGWTAG”, “VRQIAPGQTGKIAD”, “ILPDPSKPSKRS”, and “KNHTSPDVDLG”) from S protein as the candidate for a peptide-based vaccine. However, further advance trials such as in vitro and in vivo testing are involved for validation.

Adequate global vaccine coverage during an influenza pandemic is essential to mitigate morbidity, mortality, and economic impact. Vaccine development and production needs to be sufficient to meet a vast global demand, requiring international cooperation and local vaccine production capacity, especially in resource-constrained countries. The use of adjuvants is one approach to augment the number of available vaccine doses and to overcome potential vaccine shortages. Appropriately selected adjuvant technologies can decrease the amount of vaccine antigen required per dose, may broaden or lengthen the conferred protection against disease, and may even allow protective single-dose vaccination. Here we describe a technology transfer collaboration between Switzerland and Indonesia that led to the establishment of a vaccine formulation platform in Surabaya which involved the transfer of equipment and expertise to enable research and development of adjuvanted vaccine formulations and delivery systems. This new Indonesian capability aims to facilitate local and regional access to know-how relating to adjuvanted vaccine formulations, thus promoting their application to local vaccine developers. In this review, we aim to share the “lessons learned” from this project to both support and inspire future scientific collaborations of a similar nature.

Background: The genetic diversity information of local cattle and crossbred in South Sulawesi, Indonesia is essential for the establishment of conservation and breeding strategies. This research targeted to evaluate the phylogenetic relationship and genetic diversity of local and crossbred (CB) cattle. Methods: The present research organized at the Animal Laboratory, Professor Nidom Foundation, Surabaya, Indonesia from February to October 2021. The genome was isolated from 20 whole blood samples from seven purebreed belongs to Singosari National Artificial Insemination Center Malang, Indonesia, four crossbred in Gowa and nine crossbred in Sidrap, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Partial sequences of mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene were amplified employing the polymerase chain reaction technique. Result: This study revealed that a lot of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) found in local cattle (Bali and Peranakan Ongole) and CB cattle in Gowa and Sidrap indicated various genetic diversity can be used as a marker candidate and potential to be developed into future research knowing the correlation of the SNP with the growth rate of CB. Thus, this information will be helpful for further strategy in breeding development program.

Background: Administering several separate childhood vaccines can reduce adherence to immunization schedules due to missed appointments and the burden of repeated injections. A hexavalent formulation targeting diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type B, and poliovirus offers a practical approach to improve compliance and streamline immunization. Methods: Toxicity testing was performed in Wistar rats and New Zealand White rabbits (60 rats and 30 rabbits). Animals were distributed into three groups: hexavalent vaccine + low-dose sIPV, hexavalent vaccine + high-dose sIPV, and control. Each animal received a 0.5 mL intramuscular injection at weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12. Clinical observations were conducted throughout the study. Serum samples were collected one day before each injection and at the endpoint, while liver tissue was collected at the endpoint. ALT and AST concentrations were analyzed using an automated analyzer, and hepatic morphology was evaluated microscopically. Results: No abnormal clinical signs related to vaccination were observed. ALT concentrations showed no significant differences (p > 0.05). AST differences (p < 0.05) were detected between the high-dose group and the control on day 27 in female rabbits and on day 83 in female rats; however, all values remained within normal physiological limits. Histopathological examination revealed no irreversible hepatic lesions, including hydropic degeneration, portal inflammation, focal necrosis, or connective tissue proliferation, and no significant differences were noted (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Repeated administration of the hexavalent vaccine candidate at low and high doses produced no toxicological effects in animal models, supporting its safety for further clinical development.

Background and Aim: The Nipah virus (NiV), a highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus, presents a severe public health threat due to its high case fatality rate and potential for human-to-human transmission. Indonesia, with its extensive fruit bat habitats and dense human population, remains a crucial region for proactive NiV surveillance. This study represents the first national-scale molecular screening of NiV in Pteropus vampyrus populations across Indonesia, aimed at detecting viral circulation, identifying zoonotic hotspots, and establishing foundational data to inform public health preparedness through a One Health framework. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional surveillance study was carried out from June 2023 to January 2024 in 13 locations across Western, Central, and Eastern Indonesia. Fruit bats were sampled in both natural roosts and anthropogenic environments such as bat markets. A total of 305 biological samples (250 swabs and 55 organ tissues) were collected and processed using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction targeting the NiV nucleocapsid (N) gene. Positive samples (cycle threshold [Ct] ≤38) were further analyzed through partial gene sequencing and phylogenetic comparison. Results: Out of 305 bat samples, 4 (1.31%) tested positive for NiV RNA, all originating from Central and East Kalimantan. Ct values ranged from 31.0 to 34.0, indicating low viral loads. Sequence analysis of the partial N gene revealed a 95% similarity to Malaysian NiV strains, suggesting possible regional viral exchange. No positive cases were recorded in Sumatra or Java, despite extensive sampling. Ecological or host-specific resistance may explain this geographical disparity. Conclusion: This pioneering surveillance study confirms the presence of NiV in specific Indonesian bat populations and identifies Central and East Kalimantan as potential spillover zones. The findings emphasize the urgent need for a continuous, nationally coordinated surveillance program integrating wildlife, livestock, and human health sectors. Future research should prioritize longitudinal studies, ecological modeling, and genomic analyses to refine risk assessments and enhance outbreak preparedness under the One Health paradigm. Keywords: Indonesia, molecular surveillance, Nipah virus, One Health, Pteropus vampyrus, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, zoonosis.

Background: The development of nonhuman primate models that replicate human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remains limited. This study aimed to develop a pristane‐induced SLE model in Macaca fascicularis and evaluate its capacity to mimic human‐like clinical and laboratory immunological alterations. Methods: An experimental, single‐arm investigation was performed using six female M. fascicularis (2–3 years old, 3–4 kg), which received a single intraperitoneal pristane injection (5 mL/kg body weight) to induce SLE and were monitored biweekly. Results: Throughout the 24‐week study period, all macaques developed hallmark SLE‐like changes without requiring a booster, including a pronounced increase in antinuclear antibody titers ( p = 0.002), with anti‐dsDNA positivity detected at the study endpoint. Significant decline was observed in hemoglobin, leukocyte, and lymphocyte count ( p < 0.05), reflecting hematologic perturbations consistent with human SLE. Physiologic deterioration, manifested as hyperthermia and weight loss, also emerged early ( p = 0.001). Biochemical assessment demonstrated mild hepatic and renal dysfunction marked by elevated serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and urea concentrations ( p < 0.05). Uniform proteinuria further indicated renal involvement, although the absence of hematuria suggests a spectrum of renal injury that may be less severe than that observed in advanced human SLE and may require longer observation. Conclusion: Overall, the reproducibility of autoantibody elevation and multisystem involvement demonstrates the model's translational potential. This nonhuman primate model offers a significant framework for investigating SLE pathogenesis and assessing novel therapy approaches.