Background and Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between periodontal disease and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Materials and Methods: Electronic search using PubMed, Scopus, LILACS, and Cochrane library was carried out for randomized controlled trials, cohort, case-control, longitudinal and epidemiological studies on humans published from January 2009 until September 2020. The participants had to be male and female adults who were diagnosed with OSAS either by overnight polysomnography (carried out at a sleep laboratory or at home) or by a home sleep testing monitor (Apnea Risk Evaluation System). Methodological quality assessment was carried out using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS) for case-control studies while an adapted form of NOS was used for cross-sectional studies. Results: Ten studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria of our review, 5 were case-control studies, and 5 cross-sectional. Sample size ranged from 50 to 29,284 subjects, for a total of 43,122 subjects, 56% of them were male, their age ranged from 18 to 85 years old. The heterogeneity among the studies regarding the classification of periodontal disease, and the different methods for OSAS severity assessment, complicated the comparison among the studies. Conclusions: There is low evidence of a possible association between OSAS and periodontitis. The pathophysiological mechanism, cause-effect, or dose-response relationship are still unclear. Further studies are needed and should use a precise classification of OSAS subjects, while the new classification of periodontitis from the World Workshop of Chicago 2017 should be used for the periodontal assessment.

(1) We aimed to compare articular eminence inclination (AEI) in normo-divergent subjects (SN^GoGn = 32° ± 5°), with different anteroposterior sagittal skeletal classes through a cone beam computed generated tomography (CBCT). (2) In this cross-sectional study, CBCT records were retrospectively analysed. From the original sample of 52 CBCT records, 33 records of normo-divergent adult subjects were selected (11 Class I, 13 Class II and 9 Class III). On mid-sagittal section of the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) on both sides, AEI was calculated by graphic method. (3) The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to evaluate any difference between AEI on both left and right sides in the three groups. No statistically significant difference was observed on either the right side (p = 0.174) or the left side (p = 0.624). (4) Articular eminence inclination seems to be not related with skeletal class. Given the lack of significance in the observed differences between AEI and skeletal classes, we believe that future studies should focus on assessing possible relationships between AEI and different vertical skeletal patterns.

Stomatognathic apparatus and the postural system interact through biomechanical chains, whose neuromuscular properties influence both gross and fine motor coordination. To evaluate changes in body posture and motor functions in children with malocclusion who are treated with palatal expanders, 8 right-handed children (6-12 years) with unilateral posterior crossbite were enrolled in this non-randomized pragmatic longitudinal study. Fine motor skills tests, handgrip strength, 3D body posture analysis, electromyography, thermography and stabilometry were performed before and after the treatment with a Rapid Palatal Expander (RPE) at T0pre (before using RPE), t0Post (immediately after using RPE), T1 (after 21 days of RPE use) and T3 (after 6 months). The positive effect on malocclusion, as demonstrated by reduced mandibular offset, did not result in changes in motor symmetries across time. Velocity variance of stabilometry was reduced during the treatment. The immediate wearing of device only slightly affected the results. The beneficial results at the occlusal level through RPE were not accompanied by changes at the neuromuscular and postural level. Clinicians and practitioners should consider that orthodontics treatments and devices which are adapted due to neuromuscular and posturometric tests may be task and test-related.