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Pawan Wable
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Hyderabad, Telangana 502324, India

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Journal article
Published: 29 May 2021 in Sustainability
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There has been renewed interest in the performance, functionality, and sustainability of traditional small-scale storage interventions (check dams, farm bunds and tanks) used within semi-arid regions for the improvement of local water security and landscape preservation. The Central Groundwater Board of India is encouraging the construction of such interventions for the alleviation of water scarcity and to improve groundwater recharge. It is important for water resource management to understand the hydrological effect of these interventions at the basin scale. The quantification of small-scale interventions in hydrological modelling is often neglected, especially in large-scale modelling activities, as data availability is low and their hydrological functioning is uncertain. A version of the Global Water Availability Assessment (GWAVA) water resources model was developed to assess the impact of interventions on the water balance of the Cauvery Basin and two smaller sub-catchments. Model results demonstrate that farm bunds appear to have a negligible effect on the average annual simulated streamflow at the outlets of the two sub-catchments and the basin, whereas tanks and check dams have a more significant and time varying effect. The open water surface of the interventions contributed to an increase in evaporation losses across the catchment. The change in simulated groundwater storage with the inclusion of interventions was not as significant as catchment-scale literature and field studies suggest. The model adaption used in this study provides a step-change in the conceptualisation and quantification of the consequences of small-scale storage interventions in large- or basin-scale hydrological models.

ACS Style

Robyn Horan; Pawan Wable; Veena Srinivasan; Helen Baron; Virginie Keller; Kaushal Garg; Nathan Rickards; Mike Simpson; Helen Houghton-Carr; H. Rees. Modelling Small-Scale Storage Interventions in Semi-Arid India at the Basin Scale. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6129 .

AMA Style

Robyn Horan, Pawan Wable, Veena Srinivasan, Helen Baron, Virginie Keller, Kaushal Garg, Nathan Rickards, Mike Simpson, Helen Houghton-Carr, H. Rees. Modelling Small-Scale Storage Interventions in Semi-Arid India at the Basin Scale. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):6129.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Robyn Horan; Pawan Wable; Veena Srinivasan; Helen Baron; Virginie Keller; Kaushal Garg; Nathan Rickards; Mike Simpson; Helen Houghton-Carr; H. Rees. 2021. "Modelling Small-Scale Storage Interventions in Semi-Arid India at the Basin Scale." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6129.

Article
Published: 28 August 2018 in Water Resources Management
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Due to the inherent complexity of drought phenomena, difference in hydro-climatic conditions and watershed characteristics, there is a lack of a universal drought index for assessing drought conditions in a particular region. Hence, the performance evaluation of different drought indices is necessary for identifying a suitable drought index. In this study, the performance of five drought indices was assessed for a semi-arid basin located in western India. The data from nine raingauge stations and four climate stations for the period of 25 years (1985-2009) were used. Based on the data availability, five meteorological drought indices were selected, viz., Percent Departure from Normal (PDN), Effective Drought Index (EDI), Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI), and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Among these drought indices, EDI is a time step independent drought index and other four multi-time scale indices were defined at 1-, 3-, 6-, 9- and 12-month scales. The scale for the comparison of these drought indices was chosen based on the correlation with EDI and within among the scales of multi-time scale drought indices. The performance of drought indices during the historical drought was evaluated based on the relative frequency of drought index in a particular drought severity class and the response of these indices with multi-monthly rainfalls. In addition, the performance of these drought indices was assessed using the decision criteria such as Robustness, Tractability, Transparency, Sophistication, and Extendability. Analysis of the results indicated that the 9-month scale is appropriate for comparing drought indices in the study area. SPEI-9 showed maximum relative frequency in the ‘severe dry’ class and was found sensitive to 9-monthly rainfall at most of the stations. Further, the results of the performance evaluation criteria revealed that SPEI-9 has the highest total weighted score (136) followed by RDI-9, SPI-9, EDI, and PDN-9. It is concluded that SPEI-9 is the most suitable drought index for monitoring drought conditions in the study area.

ACS Style

Pawan S. Wable; Madan K. Jha; Ankit Shekhar. Comparison of Drought Indices in a Semi-Arid River Basin of India. Water Resources Management 2018, 33, 75 -102.

AMA Style

Pawan S. Wable, Madan K. Jha, Ankit Shekhar. Comparison of Drought Indices in a Semi-Arid River Basin of India. Water Resources Management. 2018; 33 (1):75-102.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pawan S. Wable; Madan K. Jha; Ankit Shekhar. 2018. "Comparison of Drought Indices in a Semi-Arid River Basin of India." Water Resources Management 33, no. 1: 75-102.

Original article
Published: 30 August 2017 in Environmental Earth Sciences
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There is a growing stress on groundwater due to increase in the frequency and intensity of droughts, and the limited availability of surface water. Therefore, proper assessment of available groundwater reserves is highly essential at a microscale (e.g., block level) to take into account spatial variability. In this paper, a methodology for the effective assessment of groundwater resources is demonstrated considering a semiarid river basin of Western India as a study area. The rainfall data of nine raingauge stations and seasonal groundwater-level data of 132 sites over the basin for 20 years (1990–2009) were used. Groundwater availability in the unconfined aquifer was evaluated at a block level in terms of ‘static groundwater reserve (SGWR)’ and ‘dynamic groundwater reserve (DGWR),’ and their spatial and temporal variabilities were analyzed. Furthermore, the status of groundwater utilization in individual blocks was explored considering the level of groundwater development (GWDL) and the trends of long-term seasonal groundwater levels. To sustain available groundwater resources on a long-term basis, the runoff potential in the study area was also evaluated. It was found that SGWR varies from 0.09 to 136.97 MCM (million cubic meters), whereas DGWR ranges from −35.85 to 156.26 MCM. During ‘normal’ years, around 43% of the study area has a SGWR in the range of 20–40 MCM and DGWR in the range of 0–50 MCM. Although the GWDL in the study area varies from about 12 to 124%, the status of groundwater development in the study area is categorized to be ‘safe.’ The analysis of runoff potential in the study area revealed that it considerably varies with time and space. About 71% of the study area is suitable for rainwater conservation during ‘wet’ years, whereas this figure reduces to 33% in ‘normal’ years. It is emphasized that regular monitoring of groundwater at a suitable spatial scale (at least block level) is necessary on long-term basis and the adoption of rainwater harvesting measures are indispensable for sustainable utilization and management of groundwater resources in semiarid regions.

ACS Style

Pawan S. Wable; Madan K. Jha; Surajit Murasingh. Evaluation of groundwater resources for sustainable groundwater development in a semiarid river basin of India. Environmental Earth Sciences 2017, 76, 1 .

AMA Style

Pawan S. Wable, Madan K. Jha, Surajit Murasingh. Evaluation of groundwater resources for sustainable groundwater development in a semiarid river basin of India. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2017; 76 (17):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pawan S. Wable; Madan K. Jha; Surajit Murasingh. 2017. "Evaluation of groundwater resources for sustainable groundwater development in a semiarid river basin of India." Environmental Earth Sciences 76, no. 17: 1.

Report
Published: 03 August 2017 in Hydrogeology Journal
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The effects of rainfall and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on groundwater in a semi-arid basin of India were analyzed using Archimedean copulas considering 17 years of data for monsoon rainfall, post-monsoon groundwater level (PMGL) and ENSO Index. The evaluated dependence among these hydro-climatic variables revealed that PMGL-Rainfall and PMGL-ENSO Index pairs have significant dependence. Hence, these pairs were used for modeling dependence by employing four types of Archimedean copulas: Ali-Mikhail-Haq, Clayton, Gumbel-Hougaard, and Frank. For the copula modeling, the results of probability distributions fitting to these hydro-climatic variables indicated that the PMGL and rainfall time series are best represented by Weibull and lognormal distributions, respectively, while the non-parametric kernel-based normal distribution is the most suitable for the ENSO Index. Further, the PMGL-Rainfall pair is best modeled by the Clayton copula, and the PMGL-ENSO Index pair is best modeled by the Frank copula. The Clayton copula-based conditional probability of PMGL being less than or equal to its average value at a given mean rainfall is above 70% for 33% of the study area. In contrast, the spatial variation of the Frank copula-based probability of PMGL being less than or equal to its average value is 35–40% in 23% of the study area during El Niño phase, while it is below 15% in 35% of the area during the La Niña phase. This copula-based methodology can be applied under data-scarce conditions for exploring the impacts of rainfall and ENSO on groundwater at basin scales. Les effets des précipitations et de l’oscillation sud d’El Niño (ENSO) sur les eaux souterraines dans le bassin semi-aride d’Inde ont été analysés en utilisant les copules archimédiennes en considérant 17 ans de données pour les précipitations de mousson, le niveau piézométrique post-mousson (NPPM) et l’indice ENSO. La dépendance évaluée parmi ces variables hydro-climatiques ont révélé que les pairs NPPM-précipitations et NPPM-Indice ENSO ont une dépendance significative. Par conséquent, ces paires ont été utilisées pour modéliser la dépendance en employant quatre types de copules archimédiennes: Ali-Mikhail-Haq, Clayton, Gumbel-Hougaard, et Frank. Pour la modélisation de la copule, les résultats des distributions de probabilité adaptées à ces variables hydro-climatiques ont indiqué que les séries chronologiques de NPPM et pluviométriques sont mieux représentées par les distributions de Weibull et lognormales respectivement, tandis que la distribution normale non paramétrique basée sur le noyau est. la plus appropriée pour l’indice ENSO. De plus, la paire NPPM-Précipitations est. mieux modélisée par la copule de Clayton, et la paire NPPM-Indice ENSO est. mieux modélisé par la copule de Frank. La probabilité conditionnelle basée sur la copule de Clayton de NPPM étant inférieure ou égale à sa valeur moyenne pour une précipitation moyenne donnée est. supérieure à 70% pour 33% de la zone d’étude. En revanche, la variation spatiale de la probabilité de NPPM basée sur la copule de Frank étant inférieure ou égale à sa valeur moyenne est. de 35 à 40% dans 23% de la zone d’étude pendant la phase El Niño, alors qu’elle est. inférieure à 15% dans 35% de la zone d’étude pendant la phase de La Niña. Cette méthodologie basée sur la copule peut être appliquée dans des conditions de données rares pour explorer les impacts des précipitations et de l’ENSO sur les eaux souterraines aux échelles du bassin. Se analizaron los efectos de la lluvia y la El Niño Oscillation Southern (ENSO) sobre las aguas subterráneas en una cuenca semiárida de la India utilizando cópulas archimedianas considerando 17 años de datos para lluvia monzónicas, niveles de agua subterránea post-monzón (PMGL) y el Índice ENSO. La dependencia evaluada entre estas variables hidro-climáticas reveló que los pares de PMGL-precipitación y PMGL-ENSO tienen una dependencia significativa. Por lo tanto, estos pares se utilizaron para modelar la dependencia empleando cuatro tipos de cópulas de Arquímedes: Ali-Mikhail-Haq, Clayton, Gumbel-Hougaard y Frank. Para el modelo de copulación, los resultados de las distribuciones de probabilidad que se ajustan a estas variables hidro-climáticas indicaron que las series de PMGL y de precipitación son mejor representadas por Weibull y distribuciones lognormal, respectivamente, mientras que la distribución normal no paramétrica es la más adecuada para el Índice ENSO. Además, el par PMGL-precipitación es el mejor modelado por la cópula de Clayton, y el par PMGL-Índice ENSO es mejor modelado por la cópula de Frank. La probabilidad condicional basada en la cópula de Clayton de PMGL es menor o igual a su valor promedio con una precipitación media dada siendo superior al 70% para el 33% del área de estudio. Por el contrario, la variación espacial de la probabilidad de PMGL de la cópula Frank es menor o igual a su valor promedio siendo de 35–40% en el 23% del área de estudio durante la fase de El Niño, mientras que es inferior al 15% en el 35% de la zona durante la fase de La Niña. Esta metodología basada en la cópula puede aplicarse en condiciones de escasez de datos para explorar los impactos de las lluvias y el ENSO en las aguas subterráneas a escalas de cuenca. 充分考虑17年来季风降雨、季风过后地下水位数据和厄尔尼诺南方振荡指数的基础上,利用阿基米德连接函数分析了降雨和厄尔尼诺南方振荡对印度半干旱盆地地下水的影响。这些水力气候变量中所评估的依赖度揭示,季风过后地下水位-降雨组合及季风过后地下水位-厄尔尼诺南方振荡指数组合具有很高的依赖度。因此,通过采用四类阿基米德连接函数,将这些组合用来模拟依赖度:Ali-Mikhail-Haq、Clayton、Gumbel-Hougaard和...

ACS Style

Pawan S. Wable; Madan K. Jha. Application of Archimedean copulas to the impact assessment of hydro-climatic variables in semi-arid aquifers of western India. Hydrogeology Journal 2017, 26, 89 -108.

AMA Style

Pawan S. Wable, Madan K. Jha. Application of Archimedean copulas to the impact assessment of hydro-climatic variables in semi-arid aquifers of western India. Hydrogeology Journal. 2017; 26 (1):89-108.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pawan S. Wable; Madan K. Jha. 2017. "Application of Archimedean copulas to the impact assessment of hydro-climatic variables in semi-arid aquifers of western India." Hydrogeology Journal 26, no. 1: 89-108.