Background. Cervical cancer is a complication of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. Eighty percent of the cases occur in low-resource countries. According to the 2009 World Health Organization report, the age-adjusted incidence rate of cervical cancer in Ethiopia was 35.9 per 100,000 patients with 7619 annual number of new cases and 60-81 deaths every year. The study is aimed at assessing the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice concerning cervical cancer among female students at Adama Science and Technology University. Methodology. An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among 667Adama Science and Technology University female students. A simple random sampling method was used to select the respondents. Structured self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Results. About 404 (60.6) of the participants heard about cervical cancer, 478 (71.7) had positive attitude towards cervical cancer screening, and only 15 (2.2) participants were screened for cervical cancer. Lack of information about cervical cancer was the most reported reason for not attending to cervical cancer screening. Conclusion and Recommendation. The study showed that there was low knowledge on cervical cancer and screening for premalignant lesion among women. There is a need to promote and encourage women to early cervical cancer screening at precancerous stage by informing their susceptibility to cervical cancer.

Antenatal depressive disorders are serious health problems and pose multiple dangers to both the mother and her fetus, however, not given due attention. They are found with significantly higher prevalence rates in low income countries and associated with socio-economic and socio-cultural factors predominantly. The main objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of antenatal depressive disorders and associated factors among Adama Hospital Antenatal clinic attendants. A hospital based cross sectional study was conducted from March 1st to April 21st, 2011 at Adama Hospital, Adama, Ethiopia. About 231 pregnant women were interviewed using systematic sampling method. Pretested Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The presence of depressive disorders was explained by the sum of BDI items scored 21 and above. And, data entry was done by SPSS version 15 and analyzed using logistic regression. The mean age was 26.32±0.24. About 56.7% were in third trimester and 45% were nulliparous. Regarding pattern of current pregnancy, unwanted pregnancy accounted 42%. Prevalence rate of antenatal depressive disorders was found to be 31.2%. Previous abortion [AOR=2.86, CI (1.13, 7.24)], fear of pregnancy complications [AOR=3.49, CI (2.21, 22.17)], economic problem [AOR=9.52, CI (2.68, 33.78)] and unwanted pregnancy [AOR=6.99, CI (2.21, 22.17) and marital conflict [AOR=22.68, CI(3.61, 142.33] were found to have strong association with depressive disorders. The prevalence of antenatal depressive disorders was high at the study area. Psychosocial factors, economic problems and obstetric features were significantly associated with maternal depressive disorder. Adama Hospital should integrate mental health service with existing antenatal clinic service. In addition, screening of antenatal care (ANC) attendants for potential risk factors of antenatal depressive disorders could be crucial to hamper the impending dangers through early detection. Key word: Antenatal depressive disorders, pregnant women, Adama hospital, beck depression inventory.

For physiological as well as behavioral reasons, sexual debut increases young individuals’ risk for infection with sexually transmitted infection including HIV. It is fundamental to recognize the factors related to sexual debut in a broader context for designing and implementing effective interventions targeting youth. Community-based cross-sectional study was employed from January to May, 2013 among females of Ambo town. A multistage sampling technique was applied. The participants were selected using simple random sampling technique. Face to face interview using structured and pretested questionnaires were used to collect thedata from the study participants. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the predictors of sexual initiation. Three hundred seventeen (49.9%) of the respondents have ever had sex. The mean age at first sexual initiation was 16.6 (SD ±2.3) years. Being in age group 20-24 [Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) & (95% CI) = 2.75 (1.74, 4.34)], Educational level [AOR& (95% CI) = 0.20 (0.08, 0.48)], being in school [AOR& (95% CI) = 0.19 (0.11, 0.33)], having paid job [AOR& (95% CI) = 2.20 (1.19, 4.07)], peer pressure [AOR& (95% CI) = 3.20 (2.08, 4.94)], alcohol consumption [AOR& (95% CI) = 2.17 (1.43, 3.28)], and pornographic materials [AOR& (95% CI) = 2.27 (1.43, 3.61)] had significant association with sexual initiation. Substantial numbers of females had started sexual activity that might expose them to different reproductive health problems. In general age group, peer pressure, alcohol consumption and watching pornographic materials were found to be predictors for the sexual debut. Therefore, building life skills, establishing youth friendly clubs should be intensified.

Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS COV-2) known as COVID-19 since its outbreak in 2019, more than 375 and 5.6 million were infected and dead, respectively. Its influence in all disciplines stimulated different industries to work day to night relentlessly to develop safe and effective vaccines to reduce the catastrophic effect of the disease. With the increasing number of people globally who have been vaccinated, the reports on possible adverse events have grown and gained great public attention. This study aims to determine post-COVID-19 vaccination adverse effects and associated factors among vaccinated Health care providers in the Oromia region, Ethiopia in 2021. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 912 health care workers working in government hospitals in the central Oromia region from November 20 to December 15/2021. Respondents absent from work due to different reasons were excluded during the interview. The outcome variable was COVID-19 side effects (response as Yes/No). A descriptive analysis displayed findings in the form of the frequencies and percentages, and logistic regression was employed to see the association of different variables with side effects experienced. Result: Overall, 92.1% of the participants experienced side effects either in 1st or 2nd doses of post-COVID-19 vaccination; 84.0% and (71.5%) of participants experienced at least one side effect in the 1st and 2nd dose of the vaccines, respectively. COVID-19 infection preventive protocols like keeping distance, hand wash using soap, wearing mask and using sanitizer were decreased post vaccination. About 74.3% of the respondents were worried about the adverse effects of the COVID-19 vaccine they received. The majority (80.2%) of the respondent felt fear while receiving the vaccine and 22.5% of the respondents suspect the effectiveness of the vaccine they took. About 14.8% of the vaccinated Health workers were infected by COVID-19 post-vaccination. Engaging in moderate physical activity and feeling fear when vaccinated were the independent factors associated with reported side effects of post-COVID-19 vaccination using multiple logistic regression. Respondents who did not engage in physical activity were 7.54 fold more likely to develop post-COVID-19 vaccination side effects compared to those who involved at least moderate-intensity physical activity[AOR = 7.54, 95% CI;2.46,23.12]. The odds of experiencing side effects among the respondents who felt fear when vaccinated were 10.73 times compared not felt fear (AOR = 10.73, 95% CI; 2.47,46.64), and similarly, those who felt little fear were 4.28 times more likely to experience side effects(AOR = 4.28, 95% CI; 1.28, 14.39). Conclusion: Significant numbers of the respondents experienced side effects post COVID-19 vaccination. It is recommended to provide pre-awareness about the side effects to reduce observed anxiety related to the vaccine. It is also important to plan monitoring and evaluation of the post-vaccine effect using standard longitudinal study designs to measure the effects directly.

A major public health problem in developing countries including Ethiopia is related with poor sanitation and hygiene. Globally, over 2.5 billion people are still without access to improved sanitation. In 2010, 15% of the population still practice open defecation. The main objective of this study was to compare the latrine utilization rate and identify determinant factors among kebeles implementing and not implementing Urban Community Led Total Sanitation and Hygiene (UCLTSH) in Hawassa town. Comparative cross sectional study design was carried out in Hawassa town in 704 households in 3 kebeles undertaken UCLTSH and in randomly selected comparison 3 kebeles where UCLTSH was not implemented. Data entry and cleaning was undertaken by using EPI-info version 3.5.3 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Multivariate logistic regression was used for independent variables with statistical significant association in bi-variate analysis. In this study, majority of the households 318 (90.3%) of UCLTSH implementers and 299 (85.4%) of non-implementers utilized latrines. The odds of latrine utilization were 1.59 times among households implementing UCLTSH compared with that among non UCLTSH [OR 1.59, 95% CI (1.00, 2.53)]. In relation to functional latrine, it was one of the factors affecting latrine utilization [AOR 28.26, 95% CI (13.03, 61.27)]. This study shows communities implementing urban community led total sanitation and hygiene was better in latrine utilization and having latrine facility than non-implementers. It is recommended that the town health office and municipality should expand the UCLTSH to other kebeles of the town. Key words: Latrine utilization, urban community led total sanitation and hygiene, Hawassa town, Ethiopia.