Background: Picky eating and food neophobia are common during childhood. Childhood eating behaviors are often predictive of adult eating behaviors. Objectives: Determine if childhood picky eating or food neophobia is associated with childhood weight status, or with becoming underweight, overweight, or obese later in childhood. Data Sources: We identified relevant studies from searches of PubMed, PsycINFO, and NEOHAL, as well as citations from identified studies. Study Eligibility Criteria and Participants: Inclusion criteria were original research articles examining a relationship between picky eating and/or food neophobia with childhood weight status. We summarized definitions and prevalence of picky eating or food neophobia and association with weight status. Study Appraisal: Two independent investigators assessed bias and confounding using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's RTI Item Bank. Results: Forty-one studies met inclusion criteria. Picky eating was defined inconsistently, and a large variation in prevalence was found (5.8%–59%). Food neophobia was consistently defined as an unwillingness to try new foods, with a prevalence between 40% and 60%. No association existed between childhood weight status and food neophobia, and results were unclear for picky eating. Limitations: Risk of bias and confounding were moderate. Parental report was commonly used to assess picky eating, height, and weight and parental weight, feeding styles, and community characteristics were infrequently considered. Conclusions and Implications: Heterogeneous definitions used for picky eating led to a wide range of reported prevalence and an unclear relationship with weight. Consistent definitions and an improved understanding of such a relationship could help clinicians provide appropriate anticipatory guidance.

The most common causes of vision problems in children are amblyopia (a neurodevelopmental disorder that arises from abnormal processing of visual images that leads to a functional reduction of visual acuity) and its associated risk factors (Table 1), nonamblyopic strabismus and nonamblyopic refractive error.^9- 12 Recent prevalence estimates of amblyopia, strabismus, and anisometropia (a difference in refractive power between the eyes, in which one foveal image is more blurred than the other) among US children younger than 6 years range from 1% to 6%.^12- 16

Objectives: To examine the association between weight loss behaviors and motivations for weight loss in children and adolescents and the association of weight status with these behaviors and motivations in a nationally representative sample.Methods: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was examined, focusing on children in the United States aged 8‐15 years, in repeated cross‐sections from 2005 to 2011.Results: Half of participants (N = 6,117) reported attempting to lose weight, and children with obesity attempted to lose weight more frequently (76%) than children who were a healthy weight (15%). Children reported attempting to lose weight by both healthy and unhealthy means: “exercising” (92%), “eating less sweets or fatty foods” (84%), “skipping meals” (35%), and “starving” (18%). The motivation to be better at sports was more likely to be associated with attempting weight loss through healthy behaviors, whereas children motivated by teasing were more likely to engage in unhealthy behaviors. Motivations for losing weight differed by weight status.Conclusions: Many children and adolescents attempt to lose weight, using either or both healthy and unhealthy behaviors, and behaviors differed based on motivations for weight loss. Future research should examine how physicians, parents, and teachers can inspire healthy behavior changes.