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Prof. Dr. Srinivas Goli
University of Western Australia

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0 Demographic Analysis
0 Gender
0 Nutrition
0 Population
0 Population Health

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Health inequalities and global health
Nutrition
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Short Biography

Welcome to my homepage! I am a demographer by training with an interest in population dynamics and its implications for public health, nutritional inequalities, and its social determinants, demographics of gender and regional developmental issues in developing countries in general and India in particular. Currently, I am a Australia India Institute (AII) NGN Research Fellow at UWA Public Policy Institute, and also an Assistant Professor in Population Studies at the Centre for the Studies in Regional Development, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. I was a visiting faculty at the University of Gottingen.

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Journal article
Published: 25 August 2021 in Sustainability
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Making universal access to sexual and reproductive health care a reality, and thus building momentum for comprehensive family planning by 2030, is key for achieving sustainable development goals. However, in the last decade, India has been retreating from progress achieved in access to family planning. Family planning progress for a large country such as India is critical for achieving sustainable developmental goals. Against this backdrop, the paper investigated the question of how far family welfare expenditure affects contraceptive use, sources of contraceptive methods, and method-mix using triangulation of micro and macro data analyses. Our findings suggest that, except for female sterilizations, modern methods of contraception do not show a positive relationship with family welfare expenditure. Notwithstanding a rise in overall family welfare expenditure, spending on core family planning programs stagnates. State-wise and socio-economic heterogeneity in source-mix and method-mix continued to influence contraceptive access in India. Method-mix continued to skew towards female sterilization. Public sector access is helpful only for promoting female sterilization. Thus, the source-mix for modern contraceptives presents a clear public-private divide. Over time, access to all contraceptive methods by public sources declined while the private sector has failed to fill the gap. In conclusion, this study identified a need for revitalizing family planning programs to promote spacing methods in relatively lower-performing states and socio-economic groups to increase overall contraceptive access and use in India through the rise in core family planning expenditure.

ACS Style

Sheuli Misra; Srinivas Goli; Juel Rana; Abhishek Gautam; Nitin Datta; Priya Nanda; Ravi Verma. Family Welfare Expenditure, Contraceptive Use, Sources and Method-Mix in India. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9562 .

AMA Style

Sheuli Misra, Srinivas Goli, Juel Rana, Abhishek Gautam, Nitin Datta, Priya Nanda, Ravi Verma. Family Welfare Expenditure, Contraceptive Use, Sources and Method-Mix in India. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (17):9562.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sheuli Misra; Srinivas Goli; Juel Rana; Abhishek Gautam; Nitin Datta; Priya Nanda; Ravi Verma. 2021. "Family Welfare Expenditure, Contraceptive Use, Sources and Method-Mix in India." Sustainability 13, no. 17: 9562.

Research paper
Published: 20 April 2021 in Journal of Demographic Economics
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Investment in family planning (FP) provides returns through a lifetime. Global evidence shows that FP is the second-best buy in terms of return on investment after liberalizing trade. In this study, we estimate the cumulative benefits of FP investments for India from 1991 to 2016 and project them up to 2061 with four scenarios of fertility levels. The findings suggest that India will have greater elasticity of FP investments to lifetime economic returns compared to the world average (cost–revenue ratio of 1:120). We have taken four scenarios for the goalpost, viz., 2.1, 1.8, 1.6, and 1.4. Although different scenarios of total fertility rate (TFR) levels at the goalpost (i.e., the year 2061) offer varied lifetime returns from FP, scenario TFR < 1.8 will be counterproductive and will reduce the potential benefits. With a comprehensive approach, if the country focuses more on improving the quality of FP services and on reducing the unmet need for FP to enhance reproductive health care and expand maximum opportunities for education and employment for both women and men, it can improve its potential to reap more benefits.

ACS Style

Srinivas Goli; K. S. James; Devender Singh; Venkatesh Srinivasan; Rakesh Mishra; Juel Rana; Umenthala Srikanth Reddy. Economic returns of family planning and fertility decline in India, 1991–2061. Journal of Demographic Economics 2021, 1 -33.

AMA Style

Srinivas Goli, K. S. James, Devender Singh, Venkatesh Srinivasan, Rakesh Mishra, Juel Rana, Umenthala Srikanth Reddy. Economic returns of family planning and fertility decline in India, 1991–2061. Journal of Demographic Economics. 2021; ():1-33.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Srinivas Goli; K. S. James; Devender Singh; Venkatesh Srinivasan; Rakesh Mishra; Juel Rana; Umenthala Srikanth Reddy. 2021. "Economic returns of family planning and fertility decline in India, 1991–2061." Journal of Demographic Economics , no. : 1-33.

Research article
Published: 13 April 2021 in SAGE Open
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Family has always been an important unit of analysis in an effort to improve and understand human development. Studying the changes in the institution of family and households keeping in view the demographic, social, and economic transitions also becomes imperative. So far, in our knowledge, there are very few studies based in India have investigated the household size and family formation patterns, while a few of them have looked into its possible causes or associations and demographic, economic, and social repercussions. In particular, as per our knowledge, there is no evidence on who is losing and who is gaining among family members due to the unprecedented transition in family forms in India. This paper serves a twofold purpose as first it seeks to explore and enrich the field of family demography in India by studying the existing evidence in the field as well as allied fields to understand how family serves as the nuclei directing individuals and communities toward certain behaviors and choices which consequently translate into larger social, economic and demographic transitions. Second, it also discusses the missing links and scope in the field of family demography in India as compared to the developed societies to provide future research prospects in this area.

ACS Style

Swastika Chakravorty; Srinivas Goli; K. S. James. Family Demography in India: Emerging Patterns and Its Challenges. SAGE Open 2021, 11, 1 .

AMA Style

Swastika Chakravorty, Srinivas Goli, K. S. James. Family Demography in India: Emerging Patterns and Its Challenges. SAGE Open. 2021; 11 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Swastika Chakravorty; Srinivas Goli; K. S. James. 2021. "Family Demography in India: Emerging Patterns and Its Challenges." SAGE Open 11, no. 2: 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2021 in Human Resources for Health
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Background Poor Maternal and Child Health (MCH) outcomes pose challenges to India’s ability to attain Goal-3 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The government of India strengthened the existing network of frontline health workers (FHWs), under its National Rural Health Mission in 2005 and subsequent National Urban Health Mission in 2013 as a strategy to mitigate the shortage of skilled health workers and to provide affordable healthcare services. However, there is a lack of robust national-level empirical analysis on the role of maternal engagement with FHWs in influencing the level of maternal and child health care utilisation and child health outcomes in India. Methods Using data from the nationally representative Indian National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 2015–2016, this paper aims to investigate the intensity of engagement of FHWs with married women of child-bearing age (15–49 years), its influence on utilisation of maternal and child healthcare services, and child health outcomes. Our empirical analyses use multivariate regression analyses, focusing on five maternal and child health indicators: antenatal care visits (ANC) (4 or > 4 times), institutional delivery, full-immunisation of children, postnatal care (PNC) (within 2 days of delivery), and child survival. Results Our analysis finds that maternal engagement with FHWs is statistically significant and a positive predictor of maternal and child health care utilisation, and child survival. Further, the level of engagement with FHWs is particularly important for women from economically poor households. Our robustness checks across sub-samples of women who delivered only in public health institutions and those from rural areas provides an additional confidence in our main results. Conclusions From a policy perspective, our findings highlight that strengthening the network of FHWs in the areas where they are in shortage which can help in further improving the utilisation of maternal and child healthcare services, and health outcomes. Also, the role of FHWs in the government health system needs to be enhanced by improving skills, working environment, and greater financial incentives.

ACS Style

Anu Rammohan; Srinivas Goli; Shashi Kala Saroj; C. P. Abdul Jaleel. Does engagement with frontline health workers improve maternal and child healthcare utilisation and outcomes in India? Human Resources for Health 2021, 19, 1 -21.

AMA Style

Anu Rammohan, Srinivas Goli, Shashi Kala Saroj, C. P. Abdul Jaleel. Does engagement with frontline health workers improve maternal and child healthcare utilisation and outcomes in India? Human Resources for Health. 2021; 19 (1):1-21.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anu Rammohan; Srinivas Goli; Shashi Kala Saroj; C. P. Abdul Jaleel. 2021. "Does engagement with frontline health workers improve maternal and child healthcare utilisation and outcomes in India?" Human Resources for Health 19, no. 1: 1-21.

Short communication
Published: 13 March 2021 in Public Health
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This study aims to address the question that whether out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) on institutional deliveries remained high or reduced over time in India, in particular after the introduction of conditional cash transfer (CCT) incentive programmes such as Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) in 2005. The study presents the trends in average OOPE on institutional deliveries in India, in an effort to evaluate the impact of the JSY programme on it. For the purpose, the study used recently released 75th round of National Sample Survey data, 2017/18 about household social consumption (Health) and two of its previous rounds in 2004 and 2014. The results suggest that, except at rural public facilities, the average OOPE for institutional delivery has increased significantly in both rural and urban areas from 2004 to 2017/18, even after adjusting to inflation in the prices. In addition, the results have shown that overall 14 of 33 states for rural public facilities, 20 of 25 states in rural private facilities, 21 of 32 states in urban public facilities and 29 of 32 states in urban private facilities have experienced more than 50% raise in OOPE on institutional delivery during 2004–2017/18, despite JSY incentives. The findings suggest that the current level of JSY incentives will not be sufficient to avoid catastrophic spending on institutional deliveries for the households as the incentives in several states are much less than the state average OOPE per delivery. Thus, there is a need to consider a raise in the state or central contribution for CCT under the JSY programme to reduce the burden of OOPE on institutional deliveries through recently launched Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana.

ACS Style

S. Goli; Moradhvaj; J. Pradhan; T. Reja. The unending burden of high out-of-pocket expenditure on institutional deliveries in India. Public Health 2021, 193, 43 -47.

AMA Style

S. Goli, Moradhvaj, J. Pradhan, T. Reja. The unending burden of high out-of-pocket expenditure on institutional deliveries in India. Public Health. 2021; 193 ():43-47.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Goli; Moradhvaj; J. Pradhan; T. Reja. 2021. "The unending burden of high out-of-pocket expenditure on institutional deliveries in India." Public Health 193, no. : 43-47.

Preprint content
Published: 09 October 2020
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Background Poor Maternal and Child Health (MCH) outcomes pose challenges to India’s ability to attain Goal-3 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The government of India strengthened the existing network of Frontline Health Workers (FHWs), under its National Rural Health Mission in 2005 and subsequent National Urban Health Mission in 2013 as a strategy to mitigate the shortage of skilled health workers and to provide affordable healthcare services. However, there is a lack of robust national-level empirical analysis on the role of maternal engagement with FHWs in influencing the level of maternal and child health care utilisation and child health outcomes in India. Methods Using data from the nationally representative Indian National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 2015-16, this paper aims to investigate the intensity of engagement of FHWs with married women of child-bearing age (15-49 years), its influence on utilisation of maternal and child healthcare services, and child health outcomes. Our empirical analyses use multivariate regression analyses, focusing on five maternal and child health indicators: antenatal care visits (ANC) (4 or >4 times), institutional delivery, full-immunisation of children, postnatal care (PNC) (within 2 days of delivery), and child survival. Results Our analysis finds that maternal engagement with FHWs is statistically significant and a positive predictor of maternal and child health care utilisation, and child survival. Further, the level of engagement with FHWs is particularly important for women from economically poor households. Our robustness checks across sub-samples of women who delivered only in public health institutions and those from rural areas provides an additional confidence in our main results. Conclusions From a policy perspective, our findings highlight that strengthening the network of FHWs in the areas where they are in shortage which can help in further improving the utilisation of maternal and child healthcare services, and health outcomes.

ACS Style

Anu Rammohan; Srinivas Goli; Shashi Kala Saroj; Abdul Jaleel Cp. Does engagement with frontline health workers improve maternal and child healthcare utilisation and outcomes in India? 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Anu Rammohan, Srinivas Goli, Shashi Kala Saroj, Abdul Jaleel Cp. Does engagement with frontline health workers improve maternal and child healthcare utilisation and outcomes in India? . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anu Rammohan; Srinivas Goli; Shashi Kala Saroj; Abdul Jaleel Cp. 2020. "Does engagement with frontline health workers improve maternal and child healthcare utilisation and outcomes in India?" , no. : 1.

Original paper
Published: 02 October 2020 in Food Security
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Recent studies on the agriculture- nutrition disconnect and its implications for farming systems, especially in South Asia have revived the debate surrounding the relationship of food security to household agricultural landholding (HAL). In rural India, food security, HAL, and social hierarchy (Caste) are closely connected. However, lack of empirical research on their interlinkages creates a knowledge gap that limits the formulation of evidence-based policies. In this study, we use data from a unique survey of 5087 rural households in Uttar Pradesh (UP) state in India to empirically assess the links between Caste, HAL, and food security. Our analysis finds that, both independently and collectively, Caste and agricultural landholding have a significant bearing on household food insecurity levels. 94% of all food-insecure households report to hold no HAL or are holding marginal HAL. The predicted probability of food insecurity for households with no HAL is four times higher compared to medium-to-large HAL. Marginalised Castes (e.g. Hindu and Muslim Dalits) have three-to-four time higher chance of food insecurity compared to their counterparts. The interaction effects of Caste-HAL suggest that marginalised Castes with no landholding are the most vulnerable groups for food insecurity. Thus, we suggest considering the role of Caste and HAL based inequalities and their interaction effect in policies adopted by the state for ensuring accessibility and availability of food among households in rural UP.

ACS Style

Srinivas Goli; Anu Rammohan; Sri Priya Reddy. The interaction of household agricultural landholding and Caste on food security in rural Uttar Pradesh, India. Food Security 2020, 13, 219 -237.

AMA Style

Srinivas Goli, Anu Rammohan, Sri Priya Reddy. The interaction of household agricultural landholding and Caste on food security in rural Uttar Pradesh, India. Food Security. 2020; 13 (1):219-237.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Srinivas Goli; Anu Rammohan; Sri Priya Reddy. 2020. "The interaction of household agricultural landholding and Caste on food security in rural Uttar Pradesh, India." Food Security 13, no. 1: 219-237.

Articles
Published: 20 August 2020 in Global Public Health
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Globally, public health expenditure (PHE) is closely associated with Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child Health, and Nutrition (RMNCHN) and Family Planning (FP) outcomes. In India, the role of PHE in shaping the progress towards the attainment of RMNCHN and FP-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is not widely documented. Using the four consecutive rounds of National Family Health Survey (NFHS), we have investigated the progress in RMNCHN and FP indicators and their association with PHE by applying robust econometric modelling. The findings suggest that although there is noticeable progress in the RMNCHN indicators from 1992–93–2015–16, India has failed to achieve RMNCHN targets related to Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Lack of noteworthy correlation between FP indicators and PHE supports the argument that post National Rural Health Mission (2005), the core family welfare expenditure suffered a setback despite the absolute rise in PHE. However, correlation plots and the multivariate panel data regression analyses affirm that even with a moderate rise, PHE emerges as an important predictor of RMNCHN outcomes in the country. Thus, the road to achieving RMNCHN and FP-related SDGs demands to avoid austerity on PHE and strengthen the integration of RMNCHN and FP programmes at the operational level.

ACS Style

Srinivas Goli; Moradhvaj; K.S. James; Devender Singh; Venkatesh Srinivasan. Road to family planning and RMNCHN related SDGs: Tracing the role of public health spending in India. Global Public Health 2020, 16, 546 -562.

AMA Style

Srinivas Goli, Moradhvaj, K.S. James, Devender Singh, Venkatesh Srinivasan. Road to family planning and RMNCHN related SDGs: Tracing the role of public health spending in India. Global Public Health. 2020; 16 (4):546-562.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Srinivas Goli; Moradhvaj; K.S. James; Devender Singh; Venkatesh Srinivasan. 2020. "Road to family planning and RMNCHN related SDGs: Tracing the role of public health spending in India." Global Public Health 16, no. 4: 546-562.

Journal article
Published: 27 July 2020 in Children and Youth Services Review
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The study has twofold objectives: (1) to study the geographical differences in uptake and use of menstrual absorbents among girls aged 15-24 years in India; and (2) to identify the socio-demographic factors associated with usage of different types of menstrual absorbents. Study design The study uses information from a nationally representative sample of 247,833 girls of 15-24 years collected in the fourth round of the National Family Health Survey (2015-2016) based on a multi-stage clustered random sampling design. The study used two-step statistical analyses: (1) bivariate and GIS-based mapping tools were used to show geographical and socio-economic variation in the use of menstrual absorbents; (2) Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR) and Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA) models were used to identify the factors associated with usage of different type of menstrual absorbents among Indian girls. The results point to a substantial state-wide variation in the use of menstrual absorbents across India ranging from the highest in Mizoram (93.4%) to the lowest in Bihar (31%). District level variations are more striking. Adjusted percentages from the MLR model show that more girls in the southern Indian states, northeastern states, and union territories tend to exclusively use Sanitary Napkins and Tampons (hereafter SNTs) compared to the states in the northwest, central, and eastern regions of India. Besides, girls with a higher level of education (35.2%, p<0.01), belonging to the richest wealth quintile (64.7%, p<0.01), and those who have full exposure to mass media (43.9%, p<0.01) use SNTs more than their counterparts. Given that education and economic status are significant hurdles, the policy has to focus on: first, disseminating knowledge on menstrual protection via dialogue and discussions at various levels, starting from school to communities to mass media campaigns. Second, the state has to take the responsibility to ensure universal access to menstrual absorbents regardless of geographic location and economic standing of the adolescent girls. Ensuring menstrual absorbents at public places (schools and workplaces) and tax cuts can make them accessible and affordable to all.

ACS Style

Srinivas Goli; Nowaj Sharif; Samanwita Paul; Pradeep S. Salve. Geographical disparity and socio-demographic correlates of menstrual absorbent use in India: A cross-sectional study of girls aged 15–24 years. Children and Youth Services Review 2020, 117, 105283 .

AMA Style

Srinivas Goli, Nowaj Sharif, Samanwita Paul, Pradeep S. Salve. Geographical disparity and socio-demographic correlates of menstrual absorbent use in India: A cross-sectional study of girls aged 15–24 years. Children and Youth Services Review. 2020; 117 ():105283.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Srinivas Goli; Nowaj Sharif; Samanwita Paul; Pradeep S. Salve. 2020. "Geographical disparity and socio-demographic correlates of menstrual absorbent use in India: A cross-sectional study of girls aged 15–24 years." Children and Youth Services Review 117, no. : 105283.

Journal article
Published: 19 July 2020 in Vaccine
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Despite decent progress in Children Full Immunisation (CFI) in India during the last decade, surprisingly, Gujarat, an economically more developed state, had the second-lowest coverage of CFI (50%) in the country, lower than economically less developed states such as Bihar (62%). Further, the proportion of children with no immunisation in Gujarat has risen from 5% in 2005 to 9% in 2016. This paper investigated factors associated with the low level of CFI coverage in Gujarat. The study used two types of datasets: (1) the information on immunisation from 7730 children aged 12–23 months and their mothers from the fourth round of the Gujarat chapter of National Family Health Survey (NFHS 2015–16). (2) A macro (district) level data on both supply and demand-side factors of CFI are compiled from multiple sources. Bivariate and multivariate linear and logistic regression techniques were employed to identify the factors associated with CFI coverage. In Gujarat, during 2015–2016, 50% of children aged 12–23 months did not receive full immunisation. The odds of receiving CFI was higher among children whose mothers had a Maternal and Child Protection (MCP) card (OR: 1.97, 95% CI 1.48–2.60) and those who received “high” maternal health services utilisation (OR: 1.59, 95% CI 1.10–2.26) compared to their counterparts. The odds of receiving CFI was about three times higher among the richest households (OR: 6.50, 95% CI 3.75–11.55) compared to their counterparts in the poorer households. Macro-level analyses suggest that poverty, maternal health care, and higher-order births are defining factors of CFI coverage in Gujarat. In order of importance, focusing on poverty, economic inequalities, pregnancy registration, and maternal health care services utilisation are likely to improve receiving CFI uptake in Gujarat. The disadvantageous position of urban areas and non-scheduled tribes in CFI coverage needs further investigation.

ACS Style

Srinivas Goli; K.S. James; Saseendran Pallikadavath; Udaya S. Mishra; S. Irudaya Rajan; Ravi Durga Prasad; Pradeep S. Salve. Perplexing condition of child full immunisation in economically better off Gujarat in India: An assessment of associated factors. Vaccine 2020, 38, 5831 -5841.

AMA Style

Srinivas Goli, K.S. James, Saseendran Pallikadavath, Udaya S. Mishra, S. Irudaya Rajan, Ravi Durga Prasad, Pradeep S. Salve. Perplexing condition of child full immunisation in economically better off Gujarat in India: An assessment of associated factors. Vaccine. 2020; 38 (36):5831-5841.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Srinivas Goli; K.S. James; Saseendran Pallikadavath; Udaya S. Mishra; S. Irudaya Rajan; Ravi Durga Prasad; Pradeep S. Salve. 2020. "Perplexing condition of child full immunisation in economically better off Gujarat in India: An assessment of associated factors." Vaccine 38, no. 36: 5831-5841.

Journal article
Published: 10 June 2020 in Journal of Biosocial Science
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The key challenges of global health policy are not limited to improving average health status, with a need for greater focus on reducing regional inequalities in health outcomes. This study aimed to assess health inequalities across the major Indian states used data from the Sample Registration System (SRS, 1981–2015), National Family Health Survey (NFHS, 1992–2015) and other Indian government official statistics. Catching-up plots, absolute and conditional β-convergence models, sigma (σ) plots and Kernel Density plots were used to test the Convergence Hypothesis, Dispersion Measure of Mortality (DMM) and the Gini index to measure progress in absolute and relative health inequalities across the major Indian states. The findings from the absolute β-convergence measure showed convergence in life expectancy at birth among the states. The results from the β- and σ-convergences showed convergence replacing divergence post-2000 for child and maternal mortality indicators. Furthermore, the estimates suggested a continued divergence for child underweight, but slow improvements in child full immunization. The trends in inter-state inequality suggest a decline in absolute inequality, but a significant increase or stationary trend in relative health inequality during 1981–2015. The application of different convergence metrics worked as robustness checks in the assessment of the convergence process in the selected health indicators for India over the study period.

ACS Style

Mohammad Zahid Siddiqui; Srinivas Goli; Anu Rammohan. Testing the regional Convergence Hypothesis for the progress in health status in India during 1980–2015. Journal of Biosocial Science 2020, 53, 379 -395.

AMA Style

Mohammad Zahid Siddiqui, Srinivas Goli, Anu Rammohan. Testing the regional Convergence Hypothesis for the progress in health status in India during 1980–2015. Journal of Biosocial Science. 2020; 53 (3):379-395.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Zahid Siddiqui; Srinivas Goli; Anu Rammohan. 2020. "Testing the regional Convergence Hypothesis for the progress in health status in India during 1980–2015." Journal of Biosocial Science 53, no. 3: 379-395.

Journal article
Published: 06 May 2020 in The Lancet
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Summary Background Across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), one in ten deaths in children younger than 5 years is attributable to diarrhoea. The substantial between-country variation in both diarrhoea incidence and mortality is attributable to interventions that protect children, prevent infection, and treat disease. Identifying subnational regions with the highest burden and mapping associated risk factors can aid in reducing preventable childhood diarrhoea. Methods We used Bayesian model-based geostatistics and a geolocated dataset comprising 15 072 746 children younger than 5 years from 466 surveys in 94 LMICs, in combination with findings of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, to estimate posterior distributions of diarrhoea prevalence, incidence, and mortality from 2000 to 2017. From these data, we estimated the burden of diarrhoea at varying subnational levels (termed units) by spatially aggregating draws, and we investigated the drivers of subnational patterns by creating aggregated risk factor estimates. Findings The greatest declines in diarrhoeal mortality were seen in south and southeast Asia and South America, where 54·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 38·1–65·8), 17·4% (7·7–28·4), and 59·5% (34·2–86·9) of units, respectively, recorded decreases in deaths from diarrhoea greater than 10%. Although children in much of Africa remain at high risk of death due to diarrhoea, regions with the most deaths were outside Africa, with the highest mortality units located in Pakistan. Indonesia showed the greatest within-country geographical inequality; some regions had mortality rates nearly four times the average country rate. Reductions in mortality were correlated to improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) or reductions in child growth failure (CGF). Similarly, most high-risk areas had poor WASH, high CGF, or low oral rehydration therapy coverage. Interpretation By co-analysing geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden and its key risk factors, we could assess candidate drivers of subnational death reduction. Further, by doing a counterfactual analysis of the remaining disease burden using key risk factors, we identified potential intervention strategies for vulnerable populations. In view of the demands for limited resources in LMICs, accurately quantifying the burden of diarrhoea and its drivers is important for precision public health. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

ACS Style

Robert C Reiner; Kirsten E Wiens; Aniruddha Deshpande; Mathew M Baumann; Paulina A Lindstedt; Brigette F Blacker; Christopher E Troeger; Lucas Earl; Sandra B Munro; Degu Abate; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Ahmed Abdelalim; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Getaneh Abebe; Kedir Hussein Abegaz; Lucas Guimarães Abreu; Michael R M Abrigo; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Dilaram Acharya; Maryam Adabi; Oladimeji M Adebayo; Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin; Victor Adekanmbi; Olatunji O Adetokunboh; Beyene Meressa Adhena; Mohsen Afarideh; Keivan Ahmadi; Mehdi Ahmadi; Anwar E Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Rushdia Ahmed; Olufemi Ajumobi; Chalachew Genet Akal; Temesgen Yihunie Akalu; Ali S Akanda; Genet Melak Alamene; Turki M Alanzi; James R Albright; Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde Rabanal; Birhan Tamene Alemnew; Zewdie Aderaw Alemu; Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali; Muhammad Ali; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Vahid Alipour; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Ali Almasi; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi; Khalid Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk; Azmeraw T Amare; Saeed Amini; Arianna Maever Loreche Amit; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Masresha Tessema Anegago; Mina Anjomshoa; Fereshteh Ansari; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Ernoiz Antriyandarti; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Olatunde Aremu; Bahram Armoon; Krishna K Aryal; Afsaneh Arzani; Mohsen Asadi-Lari; Alebachew Fasil Ashagre; Hagos Tasew Atalay; Suleman Atique; Sachin R Atre; Marcel Ausloos; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Ashish Awasthi; Nefsu Awoke; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Getinet Ayano; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Asnakew Achaw Ayele; Yared A Asmare Aynalem; Samad Azari; Ebrahim Babaee; Alaa Badawi; Shankar M Bakkannavar; Senthilkumar Balakrishnan; Ayele Geleto Bali; Maciej Banach; Aleksandra Barac; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Huda Basaleem; Quique Bassat; Mohsen Bayati; Neeraj Bedi; Masoud Behzadifar; Meysam Behzadifar; Yibeltal Alemu Bekele; Michelle L Bell; Derrick A Bennett; Dessalegn Ajema Berbada; Tina Beyranvand; Anusha Ganapati Bhat; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Suraj Bhattarai; Soumyadeep Bhaumik; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Raaj Kishore Biswas; Kassawmar Angaw Bogale; Somayeh Bohlouli; Oliver J Brady; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Andrey Nikolaevich Briko; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Zahid A Butt; Ismael R Campos-Nonato; Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon; Rosario Cárdenas; Félix Carvalho; Franz Castro; Collins Chansa; Pranab Chatterjee; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Bal Govind Chauhan; Ken Lee Chin; Devasahayam J Christopher; Dinh-Toi Chu; Rafael M Claro; Natalie M Cormier; Vera M Costa; Giovanni Damiani; Farah Daoud; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Amira Hamed Darwish; Ahmad Daryani; Jai K Das; Rajat Das Gupta; Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa; Claudio Alberto Davila; Nicole Davis Weaver; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Jan-Walter De Neve; Feleke Mekonnen Demeke; Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Kebede Deribe; Assefa Desalew; Getenet Ayalew Dessie; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Preeti Dhillon; Meghnath Dhimal; Govinda Prasad Dhungana; Daniel Diaz; Eric L Ding; Helen Derara Diro; Shirin Djalalinia; Huyen Phuc Do; David Teye Doku; Christiane Dolecek; Manisha Dubey; Eleonora Dubljanin; Bereket Duko Adema; Susanna J Dunachie; Andre R Durães; Senbagam Duraisamy; Andem Effiong; Aziz Eftekhari; Iman El Sayed; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Maha El Tantawi; Demelash Abewa Elemineh; Shaimaa I El-Jaafary; Hajer Elkout; Aisha Elsharkawy; Shymaa Enany; Aklilu Endalamfaw; Daniel Adane Endalew; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Alireza Esteghamati; Arash Etemadi; Tamer H Farag; Emerito Jose A Faraon; Mohammad Fareed; Roghiyeh Faridnia; Andrea Farioli; Andre Faro; Hossein Farzam; Ali Akbar Fazaeli; Mehdi Fazlzadeh; Netsanet Fentahun; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Masoud Foroutan; Joel Msafiri Francis; Richard Charles Franklin; Joseph Jon Frostad; Takeshi Fukumoto; Reta Tsegaye Gayesa; Kidane Tadesse Gebremariam; Ketema Bizuwork Bizuwork Gebremedhin; Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel; Getnet Azeze Gedefaw; Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo; Birhanu Geta; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Fariba Ghassemi; Paramjit Singh Gill; Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi; Srinivas Goli; Nelson G M Gomes; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart; Ayman Grada; Harish Chander Gugnani; Davide Guido; Rafael Alves Guimares; Yuming Guo; Rajeev Gupta; Rahul Gupta; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Michael Tamene Haile; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Brian James Hall; Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso; Hamidreza Haririan; Ninuk Hariyani; Ahmed I Hasaballah; Mehedi Hasan; Amir Hasanzadeh; Hadi Hassankhani; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Desta Haftu Hayelom; Behnam Heidari; Nathaniel J Henry; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Hagos D de Hidru; Chi Linh Hoang; Praveen Hoogar; Mojtaba Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi; Naznin Hossain; Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mowafa Househ; Guoqing Hu; Ayesha Humayun; Syed Ather Hussain; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Milena D Ilic; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Chinwe Juliana Iwu; Anelisa Jaca; Nader Jafari Balalami; Nader Jahanmehr; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Amir Jalali; Achala Upendra Jayatill. Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet 2020, 395, 1779 -1801.

AMA Style

Robert C Reiner, Kirsten E Wiens, Aniruddha Deshpande, Mathew M Baumann, Paulina A Lindstedt, Brigette F Blacker, Christopher E Troeger, Lucas Earl, Sandra B Munro, Degu Abate, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Ahmed Abdelalim, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Getaneh Abebe, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Michael R M Abrigo, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Dilaram Acharya, Maryam Adabi, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O Adetokunboh, Beyene Meressa Adhena, Mohsen Afarideh, Keivan Ahmadi, Mehdi Ahmadi, Anwar E Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Rushdia Ahmed, Olufemi Ajumobi, Chalachew Genet Akal, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Ali S Akanda, Genet Melak Alamene, Turki M Alanzi, James R Albright, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde Rabanal, Birhan Tamene Alemnew, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Muhammad Ali, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ali Almasi, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi, Khalid Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk, Azmeraw T Amare, Saeed Amini, Arianna Maever Loreche Amit, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Masresha Tessema Anegago, Mina Anjomshoa, Fereshteh Ansari, Carl Abelardo T Antonio, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Jalal Arabloo, Olatunde Aremu, Bahram Armoon, Krishna K Aryal, Afsaneh Arzani, Mohsen Asadi-Lari, Alebachew Fasil Ashagre, Hagos Tasew Atalay, Suleman Atique, Sachin R Atre, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Ashish Awasthi, Nefsu Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Getinet Ayano, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Asnakew Achaw Ayele, Yared A Asmare Aynalem, Samad Azari, Ebrahim Babaee, Alaa Badawi, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Ayele Geleto Bali, Maciej Banach, Aleksandra Barac, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Huda Basaleem, Quique Bassat, Mohsen Bayati, Neeraj Bedi, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Behzadifar, Yibeltal Alemu Bekele, Michelle L Bell, Derrick A Bennett, Dessalegn Ajema Berbada, Tina Beyranvand, Anusha Ganapati Bhat, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Suraj Bhattarai, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Kassawmar Angaw Bogale, Somayeh Bohlouli, Oliver J Brady, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Zahid A Butt, Ismael R Campos-Nonato, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Rosario Cárdenas, Félix Carvalho, Franz Castro, Collins Chansa, Pranab Chatterjee, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Bal Govind Chauhan, Ken Lee Chin, Devasahayam J Christopher, Dinh-Toi Chu, Rafael M Claro, Natalie M Cormier, Vera M Costa, Giovanni Damiani, Farah Daoud, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Amira Hamed Darwish, Ahmad Daryani, Jai K Das, Rajat Das Gupta, Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa, Claudio Alberto Davila, Nicole Davis Weaver, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Jan-Walter De Neve, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Kebede Deribe, Assefa Desalew, Getenet Ayalew Dessie, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Preeti Dhillon, Meghnath Dhimal, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Daniel Diaz, Eric L Ding, Helen Derara Diro, Shirin Djalalinia, Huyen Phuc Do, David Teye Doku, Christiane Dolecek, Manisha Dubey, Eleonora Dubljanin, Bereket Duko Adema, Susanna J Dunachie, Andre R Durães, Senbagam Duraisamy, Andem Effiong, Aziz Eftekhari, Iman El Sayed, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Maha El Tantawi, Demelash Abewa Elemineh, Shaimaa I El-Jaafary, Hajer Elkout, Aisha Elsharkawy, Shymaa Enany, Aklilu Endalamfaw, Daniel Adane Endalew, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Alireza Esteghamati, Arash Etemadi, Tamer H Farag, Emerito Jose A Faraon, Mohammad Fareed, Roghiyeh Faridnia, Andrea Farioli, Andre Faro, Hossein Farzam, Ali Akbar Fazaeli, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Netsanet Fentahun, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Masoud Foroutan, Joel Msafiri Francis, Richard Charles Franklin, Joseph Jon Frostad, Takeshi Fukumoto, Reta Tsegaye Gayesa, Kidane Tadesse Gebremariam, Ketema Bizuwork Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Getnet Azeze Gedefaw, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Birhanu Geta, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Fariba Ghassemi, Paramjit Singh Gill, Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi, Srinivas Goli, Nelson G M Gomes, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Ayman Grada, Harish Chander Gugnani, Davide Guido, Rafael Alves Guimares, Yuming Guo, Rajeev Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Michael Tamene Haile, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Brian James Hall, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Hamidreza Haririan, Ninuk Hariyani, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Mehedi Hasan, Amir Hasanzadeh, Hadi Hassankhani, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Desta Haftu Hayelom, Behnam Heidari, Nathaniel J Henry, Claudiu Herteliu, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Hagos D de Hidru, Chi Linh Hoang, Praveen Hoogar, Mojtaba Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi, Naznin Hossain, Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mowafa Househ, Guoqing Hu, Ayesha Humayun, Syed Ather Hussain, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Milena D Ilic, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Anelisa Jaca, Nader Jafari Balalami, Nader Jahanmehr, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Amir Jalali, Achala Upendra Jayatill. Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 2020; 395 (10239):1779-1801.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Robert C Reiner; Kirsten E Wiens; Aniruddha Deshpande; Mathew M Baumann; Paulina A Lindstedt; Brigette F Blacker; Christopher E Troeger; Lucas Earl; Sandra B Munro; Degu Abate; Hedayat Abbastabar; Foad Abd-Allah; Ahmed Abdelalim; Ibrahim Abdollahpour; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Getaneh Abebe; Kedir Hussein Abegaz; Lucas Guimarães Abreu; Michael R M Abrigo; Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi; Dilaram Acharya; Maryam Adabi; Oladimeji M Adebayo; Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin; Victor Adekanmbi; Olatunji O Adetokunboh; Beyene Meressa Adhena; Mohsen Afarideh; Keivan Ahmadi; Mehdi Ahmadi; Anwar E Ahmed; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Rushdia Ahmed; Olufemi Ajumobi; Chalachew Genet Akal; Temesgen Yihunie Akalu; Ali S Akanda; Genet Melak Alamene; Turki M Alanzi; James R Albright; Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde Rabanal; Birhan Tamene Alemnew; Zewdie Aderaw Alemu; Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali; Muhammad Ali; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Vahid Alipour; Syed Mohamed Aljunid; Ali Almasi; Amir Almasi-Hashiani; Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi; Khalid Altirkawi; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk; Azmeraw T Amare; Saeed Amini; Arianna Maever Loreche Amit; Catalina Liliana Andrei; Masresha Tessema Anegago; Mina Anjomshoa; Fereshteh Ansari; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Ernoiz Antriyandarti; Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah; Jalal Arabloo; Olatunde Aremu; Bahram Armoon; Krishna K Aryal; Afsaneh Arzani; Mohsen Asadi-Lari; Alebachew Fasil Ashagre; Hagos Tasew Atalay; Suleman Atique; Sachin R Atre; Marcel Ausloos; Leticia Avila-Burgos; Ashish Awasthi; Nefsu Awoke; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Getinet Ayano; Martin Amogre Ayanore; Asnakew Achaw Ayele; Yared A Asmare Aynalem; Samad Azari; Ebrahim Babaee; Alaa Badawi; Shankar M Bakkannavar; Senthilkumar Balakrishnan; Ayele Geleto Bali; Maciej Banach; Aleksandra Barac; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Huda Basaleem; Quique Bassat; Mohsen Bayati; Neeraj Bedi; Masoud Behzadifar; Meysam Behzadifar; Yibeltal Alemu Bekele; Michelle L Bell; Derrick A Bennett; Dessalegn Ajema Berbada; Tina Beyranvand; Anusha Ganapati Bhat; Krittika Bhattacharyya; Suraj Bhattarai; Soumyadeep Bhaumik; Ali Bijani; Boris Bikbov; Raaj Kishore Biswas; Kassawmar Angaw Bogale; Somayeh Bohlouli; Oliver J Brady; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Nikolay Ivanovich Briko; Andrey Nikolaevich Briko; Sharath Burugina Nagaraja; Zahid A Butt; Ismael R Campos-Nonato; Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon; Rosario Cárdenas; Félix Carvalho; Franz Castro; Collins Chansa; Pranab Chatterjee; Vijay Kumar Chattu; Bal Govind Chauhan; Ken Lee Chin; Devasahayam J Christopher; Dinh-Toi Chu; Rafael M Claro; Natalie M Cormier; Vera M Costa; Giovanni Damiani; Farah Daoud; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Amira Hamed Darwish; Ahmad Daryani; Jai K Das; Rajat Das Gupta; Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa; Claudio Alberto Davila; Nicole Davis Weaver; Dragos Virgil Davitoiu; Jan-Walter De Neve; Feleke Mekonnen Demeke; Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis; Gebre Teklemariam Demoz; Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez; Kebede Deribe; Assefa Desalew; Getenet Ayalew Dessie; Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne; Preeti Dhillon; Meghnath Dhimal; Govinda Prasad Dhungana; Daniel Diaz; Eric L Ding; Helen Derara Diro; Shirin Djalalinia; Huyen Phuc Do; David Teye Doku; Christiane Dolecek; Manisha Dubey; Eleonora Dubljanin; Bereket Duko Adema; Susanna J Dunachie; Andre R Durães; Senbagam Duraisamy; Andem Effiong; Aziz Eftekhari; Iman El Sayed; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Maha El Tantawi; Demelash Abewa Elemineh; Shaimaa I El-Jaafary; Hajer Elkout; Aisha Elsharkawy; Shymaa Enany; Aklilu Endalamfaw; Daniel Adane Endalew; Sharareh Eskandarieh; Alireza Esteghamati; Arash Etemadi; Tamer H Farag; Emerito Jose A Faraon; Mohammad Fareed; Roghiyeh Faridnia; Andrea Farioli; Andre Faro; Hossein Farzam; Ali Akbar Fazaeli; Mehdi Fazlzadeh; Netsanet Fentahun; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Eduarda Fernandes; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Masoud Foroutan; Joel Msafiri Francis; Richard Charles Franklin; Joseph Jon Frostad; Takeshi Fukumoto; Reta Tsegaye Gayesa; Kidane Tadesse Gebremariam; Ketema Bizuwork Bizuwork Gebremedhin; Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel; Getnet Azeze Gedefaw; Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo; Birhanu Geta; Kebede Embaye Gezae; Ahmad Ghashghaee; Fariba Ghassemi; Paramjit Singh Gill; Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi; Srinivas Goli; Nelson G M Gomes; Sameer Vali Gopalani; Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart; Ayman Grada; Harish Chander Gugnani; Davide Guido; Rafael Alves Guimares; Yuming Guo; Rajeev Gupta; Rahul Gupta; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Michael Tamene Haile; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Arya Haj-Mirzaian; Brian James Hall; Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso; Hamidreza Haririan; Ninuk Hariyani; Ahmed I Hasaballah; Mehedi Hasan; Amir Hasanzadeh; Hadi Hassankhani; Hamid Yimam Hassen; Desta Haftu Hayelom; Behnam Heidari; Nathaniel J Henry; Claudiu Herteliu; Fatemeh Heydarpour; Hagos D de Hidru; Chi Linh Hoang; Praveen Hoogar; Mojtaba Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi; Naznin Hossain; Mostafa Hosseini; Mehdi Hosseinzadeh; Mowafa Househ; Guoqing Hu; Ayesha Humayun; Syed Ather Hussain; Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Milena D Ilic; Leeberk Raja Inbaraj; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani; Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam; Chinwe Juliana Iwu; Anelisa Jaca; Nader Jafari Balalami; Nader Jahanmehr; Mihajlo Jakovljevic; Amir Jalali; Achala Upendra Jayatill. 2020. "Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017." The Lancet 395, no. 10239: 1779-1801.

Other
Published: 11 April 2020
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Background and RationaleAmid SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, the low number of infections for a population size of 1.38 billion is widely discussed, but with no definite answers.MethodsWe used the model proposed by Bommer and Vollmer to assess the quality of official case records. The infection fatality rates were taken from Verity et al (2020). Age distribution of the population for India and states are taken from the Census of India (2011). Reported number of deaths and SARS-CoV-2 confirmed cases from https://www.covid19india.org. The reported numbers of samples tests were collected from the reports of the Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR).ResultsThe findings suggest that India is detecting just 3.6% of the total number of infections with a huge variation across its states. Among 13 states which have more than 100 COVID-19 cases, the detection rate varies from 81.9% (of 410 estimated infections) in Kerala to 0.8% (of 35487 estimated infections) in Madhya Pradesh and 2.4% (of 7431 estimated infections) in Gujarat.ConclusionAs the study reports a lower number of deaths and higher recovery rates in the states with a high detection rate, thus suggest that India must enhance its testing capacity and go for widespread testing. Late detection puts patients in greater need of mechanical ventilation and ICU care, which imposes greater costs on the health system. The country should also adopt population-level random testing to assess the prevalence of the infection.

ACS Style

Srinivas Goli; K.S. James. How much of SARS-CoV-2 Infections is India detecting? A model-based estimation. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Srinivas Goli, K.S. James. How much of SARS-CoV-2 Infections is India detecting? A model-based estimation. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Srinivas Goli; K.S. James. 2020. "How much of SARS-CoV-2 Infections is India detecting? A model-based estimation." , no. : 1.

Data article
Published: 08 February 2020 in Data in Brief
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The purpose of this data article is to describe the data and provide the methodological notes on the construction of availability, accessibility, and overall Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) performance index using a set of thirteen indicators for six metro cities in India. It also presents the details on survey design and the nature of data collected on WASH indicators in India Human Development Survey for 2004–05 (IHDS-I) and 2011–12 (IHDS-II). The principal component analysis (PCA) procedure was used in the construction of the WASH indices. The IHDS is the only survey that provides comprehensive data on WASH indicators for six metro cities in India (Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, & Bangalore). The IHDS has been jointly conducted by researchers from the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), New Delhi and the University of Maryland, the United States of America (USA). The database is hosted in the public repository at the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) and the reference number for IHDS-I and IHDS-II are ICPSR 22626 and ICPSR 36151 respectively. The data are publicly available through ICPSR. Interpretation of the present data can be found in the research article titled “Availability, accessibility, and inequalities of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services in Indian metro cities” (Saroj et al., 2019) [9].

ACS Style

Shashi Kala Saroj; Srinivas Goli; Juel Rana; Bikramaditya K. Choudhary. Data on water, sanitation, and hygiene in six select metro cities of India. Data in Brief 2020, 29, 105268 .

AMA Style

Shashi Kala Saroj, Srinivas Goli, Juel Rana, Bikramaditya K. Choudhary. Data on water, sanitation, and hygiene in six select metro cities of India. Data in Brief. 2020; 29 ():105268.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shashi Kala Saroj; Srinivas Goli; Juel Rana; Bikramaditya K. Choudhary. 2020. "Data on water, sanitation, and hygiene in six select metro cities of India." Data in Brief 29, no. : 105268.

Journal article
Published: 06 January 2020 in Journal of Biosocial Science
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A growing number of studies have tested the association between intimate partner violence (IPV) and the unintendedness of pregnancy or birth, and most have suggested that unintendedness of pregnancy is a cause of IPV. However, about nine in every ten women face violence after delivering their first baby. This study examined the effects of the intendedness of births on physical IPV using data from the National Family Health Survey (2015–16). The multivariate logistic regression model analysis found that, compared with women with no unwanted births (2.9%), physical IPV was higher among those women who had unwanted births (6.9%, pp

ACS Style

Srinivas Goli; Abhishek Gautam; Juel Rana; Harchand Ram; Dibyasree Ganguly; Tamal Reja; Priya Nanda; Nitin Datta; Ravi Verma. Is unintended birth associated with physical intimate partner violence? Evidence from India. Journal of Biosocial Science 2020, 52, 907 -922.

AMA Style

Srinivas Goli, Abhishek Gautam, Juel Rana, Harchand Ram, Dibyasree Ganguly, Tamal Reja, Priya Nanda, Nitin Datta, Ravi Verma. Is unintended birth associated with physical intimate partner violence? Evidence from India. Journal of Biosocial Science. 2020; 52 (6):907-922.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Srinivas Goli; Abhishek Gautam; Juel Rana; Harchand Ram; Dibyasree Ganguly; Tamal Reja; Priya Nanda; Nitin Datta; Ravi Verma. 2020. "Is unintended birth associated with physical intimate partner violence? Evidence from India." Journal of Biosocial Science 52, no. 6: 907-922.

Reference book
Published: 01 January 2020 in A Framework to Study Labor Room Violence in a Resource-Poor Setting
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In this case study, we aim to provide a framework that includes an innovative survey design, survey instrument, and procedure to identify and measure labor room violence in a resource-poor setting where such acts are seen as normalized behaviors and hardly reported. Although the survey instrument is designed in India, it can be replicated in any setting with a slight modification in accordance with the local health and socio-cultural systems. This case study contributes to the teaching and research methodology in demography, public health, epidemiology, biostatistics, and gender studies.

ACS Style

Srinivas Goli; Dibyasree Ganguly; Swastika Chakravorty; Anu Rammohan. A Framework to Study Labor Room Violence in a Resource-Poor Setting. A Framework to Study Labor Room Violence in a Resource-Poor Setting 2020 .

AMA Style

Srinivas Goli, Dibyasree Ganguly, Swastika Chakravorty, Anu Rammohan. A Framework to Study Labor Room Violence in a Resource-Poor Setting. A Framework to Study Labor Room Violence in a Resource-Poor Setting. 2020; ():.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Srinivas Goli; Dibyasree Ganguly; Swastika Chakravorty; Anu Rammohan. 2020. "A Framework to Study Labor Room Violence in a Resource-Poor Setting." A Framework to Study Labor Room Violence in a Resource-Poor Setting , no. : .

Journal article
Published: 16 October 2019 in Sustainable Cities and Society
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We examined the availability and accessibility of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), and the overall ‘WASH’ performance in terms of levels, trends and inequality across the six cities (Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore, Kolkata, and Hyderabad) of India using data from two rounds of the India Human Development Survey conducted during 2004-05 and 2011-12. Findings summarise that accessibility and overall WASH performance during 2011-12 were better than 2004-05. The change was not significant across cities in terms of WASH availability during the survey years. The availability of WASH was poor, but accessibility was better in Mumbai. Chennai reported a reverse trend, where availability was better, but accessibility was poor. The overall level of WASH became significantly better in Mumbai during 2011-12 compared to 2004-05, but changes were minor in other cities. The cities with poor WASH performance (Kolkata, Hyderabad, and Chennai) exhibited more inequality compared to better performing cities (Mumbai, Bangalore, and Delhi). The intra-city inequality is attributable to housing conditions, economic status, educational level, socio-religious affiliation, and occupational status. The efficiency with equity in WASH performance – both between and within cities should be the prioritised issue for urban policies to make cities more socially inclusive and sustainable.

ACS Style

Shashi Kala Saroj; Srinivas Goli; Juel Rana; Bikramaditya K. Choudhary. Availability, accessibility, and inequalities of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services in Indian metro cities. Sustainable Cities and Society 2019, 54, 101878 .

AMA Style

Shashi Kala Saroj, Srinivas Goli, Juel Rana, Bikramaditya K. Choudhary. Availability, accessibility, and inequalities of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services in Indian metro cities. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2019; 54 ():101878.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shashi Kala Saroj; Srinivas Goli; Juel Rana; Bikramaditya K. Choudhary. 2019. "Availability, accessibility, and inequalities of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services in Indian metro cities." Sustainable Cities and Society 54, no. : 101878.

Obstetrics and gynaecology
Published: 01 July 2019 in BMJ Open
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Objectives The major objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of labour room violence (LRV) (one of the forms of obstetric violence) faced by the women during the time of delivery in Uttar Pradesh (UP) (the largest populous state of India which is also considered to be a microcosm of India). Furthermore, this study also analyses the association between prevalence of obstetric violence and socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents. Design The study was longitudinal in design with the first visit to women made at the time of first trimester. The second visit was made at the time of second trimester and the last visit was made after the delivery. However, we have continuously tracked women over phone to keep record of developments and adverse consequences. Settings Urban and rural areas of UP, India. Participants Sample of 504 pregnant women was systematically selected from the Integrated Child Development Scheme Register of pregnant women. Outcome We aimed to assess the levels and determinants of LRV using data collected from 504 pregnant women in a longitudinal survey conducted in UP, India. The dataset comprised three waves of survey from the inception of pregnancy to childbirth and postnatal care. Logistic regression model has been used to assess the association between prevalence of LRV faced by the women at the time of delivery and their background characteristics. Result About 15.12% of women are facing LRV in UP, India. Results from logistic regression model (OR) show that LRV is higher among Muslim women (OR 1.8, 95% CI 0.7 to 4.3) relative to Hindu women (OR 1). The prevalence of LRV is higher among lower castes relative to general category, and is higher among those women who have no mass media exposure (OR 4.7, 95% CI 1.7 to 12.8) compared with those who have (OR 1). Conclusion In comparison with global evidence, the level of LRV in India is high. Women from socially disadvantaged communities are facing higher LRV than their counterparts.

ACS Style

Srinivas Goli; Dibyasree Ganguly; Swastika Chakravorty; Mohammad Zahid Siddiqui; Harchand Ram; Anu Rammohan; Sanghmitra Sheel Acharya. Labour room violence in Uttar Pradesh, India: evidence from longitudinal study of pregnancy and childbirth. BMJ Open 2019, 9, e028688 .

AMA Style

Srinivas Goli, Dibyasree Ganguly, Swastika Chakravorty, Mohammad Zahid Siddiqui, Harchand Ram, Anu Rammohan, Sanghmitra Sheel Acharya. Labour room violence in Uttar Pradesh, India: evidence from longitudinal study of pregnancy and childbirth. BMJ Open. 2019; 9 (7):e028688.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Srinivas Goli; Dibyasree Ganguly; Swastika Chakravorty; Mohammad Zahid Siddiqui; Harchand Ram; Anu Rammohan; Sanghmitra Sheel Acharya. 2019. "Labour room violence in Uttar Pradesh, India: evidence from longitudinal study of pregnancy and childbirth." BMJ Open 9, no. 7: e028688.

Chapter
Published: 12 April 2019 in India Studies in Business and Economics
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Achieving grand convergence in global health and bridging the gap between the countries, within country and between the states are important targets of ongoing SDGs. India is often described as a country with substantial progress in average health status alongside sizable geographical, rural–urban, social, economic and bio-demographic disparities. Although the country is witnessing a considerable improvement in health status across the states, alongside a steeper inter- and intra-state differentials in the speed of improvement coexist. Lack of equity with progress in the health status of the population in the laggard states of India is one of the key features in its growth story. In this backdrop, the paper examines the hypothesis that whether the districts of Uttar Pradesh are converging towards a homogenous state or diverging and explores its determinants. We have used the data from Census 2001 and 2011 published by Registrar General of India (RGI) for estimation of district-wise life expectancy for all persons, males and females separately. Further, for assessing the determinants, we have used multiple data sources for various indicators which are considered as predictors of Life Expectancy at Birth (LEB) in the previous literature. We have estimated LEB at the district level for all persons, males and females for the year 2001 and 2011 using the well-known Brass method for indirect estimation of IMR, child mortality rate (CMR) and corresponding LEB of different model life table parameters. We have adopted novel approaches to the objective of testing of convergence hypothesis in average health status and health inequalities across the districts. The inequality measures range from absolute inequality measured through Dispersion Measure of Mortality (DMM) to relative inequality measured through Gini index. The convergence in health status was examined by using the standard parametric models (absolute β- and σ-convergences). Further, non-parametric econometric models (kernel density estimates) have also been used to detect the presence of convergence clubs, and finally we have analysed the determinant of convergence through panel regression model. Findings revealed that the inequality-based measures of convergence suggest that convergence process is underway regarding both absolute and relative inequalities in LEB across the districts, during 2001–2011. Similarly, the findings based on catching-up plots and absolute β-convergence and sigma convergence measures affirm the convergence across districts of Uttar Pradesh. The presence of a strong evidence of convergence clubs indicates that growth process is not inclusive and is skewed to few district clusters of the state. LEB growth process has favoured some districts compared to other. Further, findings of determinants of health status suggest that decrease in infant mortality, progress in income level, improvement in literacy rate, full immunisation of children and health infrastructure in laggard districts would help in convergence of the health status across the geographical space in the state of Uttar Pradesh. Achieving health goals of SDGs in Uttar Pradesh will not possible unless acceleration in the speed of the convergence is achieved with equity. The state should prioritise the agenda for reduction of IMR, a substantial increase in literacy rate and major investment in healthcare infrastructural availability and accessibility, universal access to immunisation services, especially in the laggard districts of the state.

ACS Style

Mohammad Zahid Siddiqui; Srinivas Goli; Juel Rana; Swastika Chakravorty. Health Status: Progress and Challenges. India Studies in Business and Economics 2019, 371 -392.

AMA Style

Mohammad Zahid Siddiqui, Srinivas Goli, Juel Rana, Swastika Chakravorty. Health Status: Progress and Challenges. India Studies in Business and Economics. 2019; ():371-392.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Zahid Siddiqui; Srinivas Goli; Juel Rana; Swastika Chakravorty. 2019. "Health Status: Progress and Challenges." India Studies in Business and Economics , no. : 371-392.

Research article
Published: 19 March 2019 in PLoS ONE
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To advance the goal of “Grand Convergence” in global health by 2035, this study tested the convergence hypothesis in the progress of the health status of individuals from 193 countries, using both standard and cutting-edge convergence metrics. The study used multiple data sources. The methods section is categorized into two parts. (1) Health inequality measures were used for estimating inter-country inequalities. Dispersion Measure of Mortality (DMM) is used for measuring absolute inequality and Gini Coefficient for relative inequality. (2) We tested the standard convergence hypothesis for the progress in Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and Life Expectancy at Birth (LEB) during 1950 to 2015 using methods ranging from simple graphical tools (catching-up plots) to standard parametric (absolute β and σ-convergence) and nonparametric econometric models (kernel density estimates) to detect the presence of convergence (or divergence) and convergence clubs. The findings lend support to the "rise and fall" of world health inequalities measured using Life Expectancy at Birth (LEB) and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR). The test of absolute β-convergence for the entire period and in the recent period supports the convergence hypothesis for LEB (β = -0.0210 [95% CI -0.0227 - -0.0194], p<0.000) and rejects it for IMR (β = 0.0063 [95% CI 0.0037–0.0089], p<0.000). However, results also suggest a setback in the speed of convergence in health status across the countries in recent times, 5.4% during 1950–55 to 1980–85 compared to 3% during 1985–90 to 2010–15. Although inequality based convergence metrics showed evidence of divergence replacing convergence during 1985–90 to 2000–05, from the late 2000s, divergence was replaced by re-convergence although with a slower speed of convergence. While the non-parametric test of convergence shows an emerging process of regional convergence rather than global convergence. We found that with a current rate of progress (2.2% per annum) the “Grand convergence” in global health can be achieved only by 2060 instead of 2035. We suggest that a roadmap to achieve “Grand Convergence” in global health should include more radical changes and work for increasing efficiency with equity to achieve a “Grand convergence” in health status across the countries by 2035.

ACS Style

Srinivas Goli; Moradhvaj; Swastika Chakravorty; Anu Rammohan. World health status 1950-2015: Converging or diverging. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0213139 .

AMA Style

Srinivas Goli, Moradhvaj, Swastika Chakravorty, Anu Rammohan. World health status 1950-2015: Converging or diverging. PLoS ONE. 2019; 14 (3):e0213139.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Srinivas Goli; Moradhvaj; Swastika Chakravorty; Anu Rammohan. 2019. "World health status 1950-2015: Converging or diverging." PLoS ONE 14, no. 3: e0213139.