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Climate change affects relationships between regions. The sequence of peacemaking events between farming and nomadic groups in northern China from the Western Han to the Qing dynasty was constructed based on historical documents. We analyzed the impacts of climate change on ethnic relationships using war and temperature sequence data from previous studies. The main results are as follows: 1) There were 504 peacemaking events between farming and nomadic groups, with an average frequency of 2.4 times per decade. Paying tribute (68.9%) occurred significantly more frequently than intermarriage for pacification (31.1%). The sequences showed different stages. 2) There were more peacemaking events during cold periods and fewer during warm periods. Intermarriage for pacification played a greater role in peacemaking during warm periods, while paying tribute was more important during cold periods. 3) High-incidence stages of war and of peacemaking events alternated. Peacemaking events occurred more frequently during cold periods and wars occurred more frequently during warm periods. 4) During warm periods, farming and nomadic groups had enough power to contend with each other, wars occurred frequently, and intermarriage was often used for peacemaking. During cold periods, agriculture and animal husbandry declined, both sides weakened, and the power difference between them usually increased. Wars rarely occurred, and paying tribute was often used for peacemaking. Ethnic relationships are affected by many factors. As a background factor influencing land productivity, climate indirectly affected conflict-resolution measures between farming and nomadic groups. We can hereby consider ways to manage interregional ethnic relationships under global climate change today.
Yun Su; Yuan Kang; Xianshuai Zhai; Xiuqi Fang. The Relationship between Temperature Changes and Peacemaking Events between Farming and Nomadic Groups in Northern China over the Past 2000 Years. Weather, Climate, and Society 2021, 13, 327 -339.
AMA StyleYun Su, Yuan Kang, Xianshuai Zhai, Xiuqi Fang. The Relationship between Temperature Changes and Peacemaking Events between Farming and Nomadic Groups in Northern China over the Past 2000 Years. Weather, Climate, and Society. 2021; 13 (2):327-339.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYun Su; Yuan Kang; Xianshuai Zhai; Xiuqi Fang. 2021. "The Relationship between Temperature Changes and Peacemaking Events between Farming and Nomadic Groups in Northern China over the Past 2000 Years." Weather, Climate, and Society 13, no. 2: 327-339.
In this study, we present an analysis of warm extremes over monsoonal China (21–45° N, 106–124° E) during the last 600 years based on Chinese historical documents and simulations from the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (PMIP3) and the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). The Chinese historical documents indicate that extreme warm records become more frequent after ~1650 CE in North China and ~1850 CE in the Yangtze River Valley. Our analyses of two threshold extreme temperature indices also illustrate that warm extremes have become more frequent since the 17th century in North China and the mid-19th century in Yangtze River Valley in good agreement with the changes in warm extremes revealed in the historical documents. This agreement suggests potential mechanisms behind the shift of periods, which should be further investigated in the future.
Shangrong Zhou; Le Tao; Yun Su; Yue Sui; Zhongshi Zhang. Documented and Simulated Warm Extremes during the Last 600 Years over Monsoonal China. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 362 .
AMA StyleShangrong Zhou, Le Tao, Yun Su, Yue Sui, Zhongshi Zhang. Documented and Simulated Warm Extremes during the Last 600 Years over Monsoonal China. Atmosphere. 2021; 12 (3):362.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShangrong Zhou; Le Tao; Yun Su; Yue Sui; Zhongshi Zhang. 2021. "Documented and Simulated Warm Extremes during the Last 600 Years over Monsoonal China." Atmosphere 12, no. 3: 362.
Case studies on the impacts of extreme weather events at different spatial and temporal resolutions can help further the understanding of the impacts of climate change and serve as references for coping with future climate change challenges as well. We reconstructed the monthly time series data on social impacts of an extreme drought event in the Guanzhong area, Shaanxi Province, China, using newspaper records from 1928 to 1931. Changes in food substitutions, food prices, social unrest, and social resilience are analyzed to show how the drought affected the area. The results show that (1) the evolution of social impacts of the drought can be divided into five stages, and the variation in the impact magnitude is strongly influenced by the summer and autumn harvests; (2) the cumulative effects of the persistent drought are observed, and the level of social resilience declined rapidly and nonlinearly; and (3) there are two kinds of spreading patterns of drought’s impacts across natural, supporting, and humanity systems: hierarchical propagation and cascading effects. They act over different spatial and/or temporal scales and could provide the inspiration for the strategies designed to mitigate the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events today.
Xu-Dong Chen; Yun Su; Xiu-Qi Fang. Social impacts of extreme drought event in Guanzhong area, Shaanxi Province, during 1928–1931. Climatic Change 2021, 164, 1 -19.
AMA StyleXu-Dong Chen, Yun Su, Xiu-Qi Fang. Social impacts of extreme drought event in Guanzhong area, Shaanxi Province, during 1928–1931. Climatic Change. 2021; 164 (3):1-19.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu-Dong Chen; Yun Su; Xiu-Qi Fang. 2021. "Social impacts of extreme drought event in Guanzhong area, Shaanxi Province, during 1928–1931." Climatic Change 164, no. 3: 1-19.
Private diaries are important sources of historical data for research on climate change. Their advantages include a high veracity and reliability, accurate time and location information, a high temporal resolution, seasonal integrity, and rich content. In particular, these data are suitable for reconstructing short-term, high-resolution climate series and extreme climatic events. Through a case study of Yunshan Diary, authored by Bi Guo of the Yuan dynasty of China, this article demonstrates how to delve into climate information in diaries, including species distribution records, phenological records, daily weather descriptions and personal experiences of meteorological conditions. In addition, this article considers how to use these records, supplemented by other data, to reconstruct climate change and extreme climatic events on various timescales, from multidecadal to annual or daily. The study of Yunshan Diary finds that there was a relatively low amount of precipitation in central and southern Jiangsu Province in the summer of 1309; the winter of 1308–1309 was abnormally cold in the Taihu Lake basin. In the early 14th century at the latest, the climate in eastern China had begun to turn cold, which reflects the transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age.
Siying Chen; Yun Su; Xiuqi Fang; Jia He. Climate records in ancient Chinese diaries and their application in historical climate reconstruction – a case study of Yunshan Diary. Climate of the Past 2020, 16, 1873 -1887.
AMA StyleSiying Chen, Yun Su, Xiuqi Fang, Jia He. Climate records in ancient Chinese diaries and their application in historical climate reconstruction – a case study of Yunshan Diary. Climate of the Past. 2020; 16 (5):1873-1887.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiying Chen; Yun Su; Xiuqi Fang; Jia He. 2020. "Climate records in ancient Chinese diaries and their application in historical climate reconstruction – a case study of Yunshan Diary." Climate of the Past 16, no. 5: 1873-1887.
Xianshuai Zhai; Xiuqi Fang; Yun Su. Regional Interactions in Social Responses to Extreme Climate Events: A Case Study of the North China Famine of 1876–1879. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 393 .
AMA StyleXianshuai Zhai, Xiuqi Fang, Yun Su. Regional Interactions in Social Responses to Extreme Climate Events: A Case Study of the North China Famine of 1876–1879. Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (4):393.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXianshuai Zhai; Xiuqi Fang; Yun Su. 2020. "Regional Interactions in Social Responses to Extreme Climate Events: A Case Study of the North China Famine of 1876–1879." Atmosphere 11, no. 4: 393.
There are still many uncertainties about how climate change affects the development of human society. The impact of climate change is likely to be weakened or amplified by the response and adaptation of the reciprocal feedback process after entering the socio-economical subsystem. The study of the climate change impact processes is the basis for understanding the mechanisms of climate change impacts. Furthermore, long-term research of climate change impacts can provide historical similarity and experience for current or future adaptation of climate change. Ancient China was traditionally an agricultural country. Its food production safety, food supply safety, and food consumption safety reflect the impacts of climate change being transferred from a production subsystem to a population subsystem to an economic subsystem. Based on a conceptual framework of food security, we selected 10-year resolution sequences of grain harvest grades, famine indices, and economic levels in China over the past 2000 years (206 BC–AD 1911) to quantify and recognize the main transmission pathways of climate change impacts during cold and warm units of climate change. Our results were as follows: (1) according to the transmission relationship climate change → grain harvests → famines → economic levels, there are 16 main transmission pathways, including 10 pathways starting from cold units and 6 pathways starting from warm units. (2) The main pathway is dominated by natural factors and socio-economic factors, with each factor set accounting for approximately 50%. However, the probability of the main pathways with socio-economic influence leading toward negative developments was 60% for cold units, and the probability of the main pathways with socio-economic influence leading toward positive developments was 66.7% for warm units. According to the main pathway led by natural factors, of all transmission pathways in cold units (100%), 14.7% of the depressed economy may be more directly related to climate change. However, 32.3% of the prosperous economy may have a more direct relationship with climate change in warm units (100%). (3) Famine is the most important link in the climate change influence on transmission chains regulated by socio-economic factors. Famine reflects both poor harvests due to the natural production subsystem and a lack of grain allocation by the socio-economic subsystem or the government’s ability to eliminate famine. Thus, there may be another pathway of transmission, such as climate change → agricultural yield/grain production → economic prosperity → famine relief (social vulnerability).
Yun Su; Jia He; Xiuqi Fang; Jingchao Teng. Transmission pathways of China’s historical climate change impacts based on a food security framework. The Holocene 2018, 28, 1564 -1573.
AMA StyleYun Su, Jia He, Xiuqi Fang, Jingchao Teng. Transmission pathways of China’s historical climate change impacts based on a food security framework. The Holocene. 2018; 28 (10):1564-1573.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYun Su; Jia He; Xiuqi Fang; Jingchao Teng. 2018. "Transmission pathways of China’s historical climate change impacts based on a food security framework." The Holocene 28, no. 10: 1564-1573.
The present study aims to compare quantitatively the similarities and differences of transmission processes extending from climate change to grain harvests and economies (macro-economy and fiscal balance) between the Han (206 BC–AD 220) and Tang (AD 618–907) dynasties of China. It is found that both the Han and Tang periods displayed close positive correlations among temperature, grain harvest, macro-economy and fiscal balance and conveyed a positive feedback–oriented transmission pattern with the upgrade of climatic impact level from grain harvest to economic system. Compared with the Han period, the overall linkages among indicators weakened during the Tang period, particularly for the correlation between grain harvest and fiscal balance. The mean temperature during the Tang period was slightly higher but had greater multidecadal variability, coinciding with better performance (and less variations) of macro-economy and fiscal balance (particularly for cold units) and higher variations of grain harvest. It displayed relatively little difference for the main pathways that could be interpreted as climatic impacts during the warm units between the Han and Tang periods, and both approximately 33% of the decades for warm units (100%) ending with fiscal balance/surplus were more likely to be associated with the impacts of temperature change. The difference mainly lies in cold units in the links of ‘cold → poor harvest’ and ‘poor harvest → macro-economic depression’ through the pathway of ‘cold → poor harvest → macro-economic depression/normal economy → fiscal deficiency’. Overall, macro-economy and fiscal system of the Tang period displayed less sensitivity to temperature change and agriculture production in cold period. Those patterns might be related with the unique socio-economic situations such as agricultural fragmentation, southward shift of economic resource and tax system reform during the later Tang Dynasty.
ZhuDeng Wei; Xiuqi Fang; Yun Su; Beibei Li; Xueqiong Wei; Jun Yin. Comparison of climatic impacts transmission from temperature to grain harvests and economies between the Han (206 BC–AD 220) and Tang (AD 618–907) dynasties. The Holocene 2018, 28, 1 .
AMA StyleZhuDeng Wei, Xiuqi Fang, Yun Su, Beibei Li, Xueqiong Wei, Jun Yin. Comparison of climatic impacts transmission from temperature to grain harvests and economies between the Han (206 BC–AD 220) and Tang (AD 618–907) dynasties. The Holocene. 2018; 28 (10):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhuDeng Wei; Xiuqi Fang; Yun Su; Beibei Li; Xueqiong Wei; Jun Yin. 2018. "Comparison of climatic impacts transmission from temperature to grain harvests and economies between the Han (206 BC–AD 220) and Tang (AD 618–907) dynasties." The Holocene 28, no. 10: 1.
The relation between climate change and historical rhythms has long been discussed. However, this type of study still faces the lack of high-resolution data concerning long-term socio-economic processes. In this study, we collected 1586 items of direct and proffered evidence from 29 Chinese history books. We used semantic analysis to reconstruct a quantitative series of the social vicissitudes of the past 2000 yr with a 10-yr resolution to express the phase transition of the social vicissitudes of the dynasties in China. Our reconstruction demonstrates that social vicissitudes have clear cyclical features on multiple time scales. Analysis of the association of social rise and fall with climate change indicates that temperature displayed more significant effects on social vicissitudes in the long term, while precipitation displayed more significant effects on the social vicissitudes in the short term. There are great overlaps between social and climatic variables around the predominant or periodic bands. Social rise mostly occurred in the centennial-scale warm periods, whereas social decline mostly occurred in the centennial-scale cold periods. Under warm-wet conditions, social rise occurred over 57% of the time; under cold-dry conditions, the social decline occurred over 66% of the time.
Jun Yin; Yun Su; Xiuqi Fang. Climate change and social vicissitudes in China over the past two millennia. Quaternary Research 2016, 86, 133 -143.
AMA StyleJun Yin, Yun Su, Xiuqi Fang. Climate change and social vicissitudes in China over the past two millennia. Quaternary Research. 2016; 86 (2):133-143.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJun Yin; Yun Su; Xiuqi Fang. 2016. "Climate change and social vicissitudes in China over the past two millennia." Quaternary Research 86, no. 2: 133-143.
The social impacts of climate change constitute an important field within the study of global change. The impacts of historical climate change on dynastic transitions and prosperity in China from a food safety perspective is a helpful research topic that contributes to a better understanding of the impacts, process, and mechanism of climate change, as well as a reference for projecting the impacts of climate change in the future. This study defined the periods of dynastic transitions and prosperity in China from 210 BC to AD 1910 and analyzed the relationships among dynastic transition or dynastic prosperity, climate change, and grain harvests. From 210 BC to AD 1910, dynastic transitions mostly coincided with cold ages or the periods that changed from warm to cold and dry or wet-to-dry periods when there was relatively poor harvest. In contrast, dynastic prosperity mostly coincided with warm ages or the periods that changed from cold to warm and wet or dry-to-wet periods when there was relatively bumper harvest. Meanwhile, the dynastic transitions from a divisive dynasty to a unified dynasty often came with a progressively warm phase on the century scale when grain harvests increased. Interestingly, the division of a unified dynasty often came with a progressively cold phase and poor harvests. Furthermore, changes in temperature and agricultural production may be one of the most important factors leading to the collapse of Tang Dynasty. In conclusion, the fluctuation of grain harvests and climate change correspond with the transitions between a tumultuous society and an ordered one, which reveals that the social sensitivity periods were often a result of a change to a colder climate on the century scale.
Jun Yin; Xiuqi Fang; Yun Su. Correlation between climate and grain harvest fluctuations and the dynastic transitions and prosperity in China over the past two millennia. The Holocene 2016, 26, 1914 -1923.
AMA StyleJun Yin, Xiuqi Fang, Yun Su. Correlation between climate and grain harvest fluctuations and the dynastic transitions and prosperity in China over the past two millennia. The Holocene. 2016; 26 (12):1914-1923.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJun Yin; Xiuqi Fang; Yun Su. 2016. "Correlation between climate and grain harvest fluctuations and the dynastic transitions and prosperity in China over the past two millennia." The Holocene 26, no. 12: 1914-1923.
In ancient China, the change in regional agriculture and animal husbandry productivity caused by climate change led to either wars or peaceful relations between nomadic and farming groups. From the Western Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty there were 367 wars between the two groups. The nomadic people initiated 69 % of the wars, but 62.4 % were won by the farmers. On a 30 year-period timescale, warm climates corresponded to a high incidence of wars. The conflicts between the nomadic and farming groups took place in some areas which are sensitive to climate change. During the cold periods, the battlefields were mostly in the southern regions. The main causes which leading to the above results are following: (1) warm climate provided a solid material foundation for nomadic and farming groups, especially contributed to improve the productivity of nomadic group; meanwhile, the excessive desire for essential means of subsistence in nomadic group could led to wars. (2) During the cold periods, people of farming group moved to the south and construct the south, meanwhile, nomadic group occupied the central plains, thus the battlefields also changed. As the background, climate change plays an indirect role in wars between groups.
Yun Su; L. Liu; X. Q. Fang; Y. N. Ma. Relationship between climate change and wars between nomadic and farming groups from the Western Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty period. Climate of the Past Discussions 2015, 12, 137 -150.
AMA StyleYun Su, L. Liu, X. Q. Fang, Y. N. Ma. Relationship between climate change and wars between nomadic and farming groups from the Western Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty period. Climate of the Past Discussions. 2015; 12 (1):137-150.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYun Su; L. Liu; X. Q. Fang; Y. N. Ma. 2015. "Relationship between climate change and wars between nomadic and farming groups from the Western Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty period." Climate of the Past Discussions 12, no. 1: 137-150.
Because of the complexity of social responses to climate change, as well as limitations of proxy data concerning interactions between climate change and human responses, the social impacts of past climate change and associated response mechanisms, thus, require further investigation. To shed light on the transmission of climate change impacts within historical Chinese society, we selected 30-year resolution sequences of temperature anomalies in eastern China and 10-year resolution sequences of grain harvest grades, famine indices, and frequencies of peasant uprisings in China over the past 2000 years. Using a food security perspective, we analyzed the impacts of temperature changes historically transmitted through Chinese production, population, and social subsystems, and differences in transmission characteristics between cold and warm units. Our results were as follows. (1) From 210 BC to 1910 AD, temperature changes in China were significantly positively correlated with grain harvest grades (correlation coefficient, 0.338), and significantly negatively correlated with famine indices, and frequencies of peasant uprisings (correlation coefficients, −0.301 and −0.277, respectively).The correlation coefficients between famine indices and grain harvest grades or frequencies of peasant uprisings were very low. (2) There was a higher proportion of bumper or normal harvests (86.5% of the total decades), more moderate and mild famines (76%), and a lower proportion of peasant uprisings (33.3%) in the 30-year warm units. Conversely, there was a higher proportion of poor or normal harvests (70.7%), a greater proportion of moderate and severe famines (77.6%), and more peasant uprisings (51.7%) in the 30-year cold units. (3) Of the 23 main transmission pathways extending from temperature change to the social subsystem, 13 occurred in cold units, of which 7 had an endpoint of peasant uprisings, and 10 occurred in warm units of which 3 had an endpoint of peasant uprisings. The main transmission pathways that were more likely to be associated with the impacts of temperature change were: Cold → poor harvests → severe famines → more uprisings; cold → poor harvests → moderate famines → more uprisings; warm → bumper harvests → mild famines → no uprisings; warm → bumper harvests → moderate harvests → no uprisings; warm → normal harvests → mild famines → no uprisings; and warm → normal harvests → moderate famines → no uprisings. (4) The transmission of the impacts of temperature change was a complex process. Within this process, famine was most prone to being modulated by human society. In the transmission pathways from the production to the social subsystem, there was a stepwise decrease in the occurrence rate of decades that were probably affected by climate change. In all cold units, 10.4% of decades ending in more uprisings were most likely to be associated with the impacts of temperature change. In all warm units, 47.9% of decades ending in no uprisings were most likely to be associated with the impacts of temperature change. This research can contribute a better understanding on the past interaction mechanisms and processes within the human-climate-ecosystem complex, as well as a better response to the impacts of the ongoing climate change.
Xiuqi Fang; Yun Su; Jun Yin; Jingchao Teng. Transmission of climate change impacts from temperature change to grain harvests, famines and peasant uprisings in the historical China. Science China Earth Sciences 2015, 58, 1427 -1439.
AMA StyleXiuqi Fang, Yun Su, Jun Yin, Jingchao Teng. Transmission of climate change impacts from temperature change to grain harvests, famines and peasant uprisings in the historical China. Science China Earth Sciences. 2015; 58 (8):1427-1439.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiuqi Fang; Yun Su; Jun Yin; Jingchao Teng. 2015. "Transmission of climate change impacts from temperature change to grain harvests, famines and peasant uprisings in the historical China." Science China Earth Sciences 58, no. 8: 1427-1439.
Improving social concerns relating to floods and the perception of the public to risk can reduce the risk of urban flood disasters. This study investigates whether social concern regarding disaster is greatly increased by an extraordinary rainstorm, and whether such disasters change the public’s risk perception and stimulate them to take effective disaster prevention measures. An extraordinary rainstorm disaster—known the 7/21 disaster—occurred in Beijing, China, on July 21, 2012. This resulted in 79 deaths and a direct economic loss of 11.64 billion RMB (approximately 1.80 billion USD). Using this disaster as an example, this paper analyzes Beijing’s daily precipitation data in the 2012 and 2013 flood seasons and measures the degree of social concern before and after the disaster and the relationship between the degree of social concern and the precipitation intensity. The results indicate that the rainstorm rapidly increased the degree of social concern from 0.12 to 0.77; however, concern had stabilized by 2013 and was basically consistent with the precipitation amounts. A random sample of 181 people participated in a questionnaire survey. The results indicate that the level of public risk perception significantly increased post-disaster, with the degree of public concern regarding rainstorm risk and the number of people who implemented disaster prevention and preparedness measures being doubled. Moreover, approximately 75 % of the disaster prevention behavior involved observing early warning information and going out less, i.e., reducing exposure. But, this response was only a temporary adjustment phenomenon, lasting approximately 1 month: Entry-Transition on July 21 and Exit-Transition on August 30. Moreover, public behavior changes are limited to the year in which a disaster occurs: In the flood season of 2013, 62 % of the population did not appear to be affected by the 2012 precipitation results. Therefore, the majority of the public will not establish long-term risk prevention awareness as a result of an extraordinary disaster. Strengthening public awareness of disaster risk requires a long-term effort.
Yun Su; Fan Zhao; Lingzhao Tan. Whether a large disaster could change public concern and risk perception: a case study of the 7/21 extraordinary rainstorm disaster in Beijing in 2012. Natural Hazards 2015, 78, 555 -567.
AMA StyleYun Su, Fan Zhao, Lingzhao Tan. Whether a large disaster could change public concern and risk perception: a case study of the 7/21 extraordinary rainstorm disaster in Beijing in 2012. Natural Hazards. 2015; 78 (1):555-567.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYun Su; Fan Zhao; Lingzhao Tan. 2015. "Whether a large disaster could change public concern and risk perception: a case study of the 7/21 extraordinary rainstorm disaster in Beijing in 2012." Natural Hazards 78, no. 1: 555-567.
Jun Yin; Yun Su; Xiuqi Fang. Relationships between temperature change and grain harvest fluctuations in China from 210 BC to 1910 AD. Quaternary International 2015, 355, 153 -163.
AMA StyleJun Yin, Yun Su, Xiuqi Fang. Relationships between temperature change and grain harvest fluctuations in China from 210 BC to 1910 AD. Quaternary International. 2015; 355 ():153-163.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJun Yin; Yun Su; Xiuqi Fang. 2015. "Relationships between temperature change and grain harvest fluctuations in China from 210 BC to 1910 AD." Quaternary International 355, no. : 153-163.
Understanding the socioeconomic effects of past climate change is valuable for sustainable social development. However, quantitative analyses of the long-term relationships between climate change and human society have been limited by a lack of long-term high-resolution data that indicate socioeconomic processes. Here, based on 1,091 records extracted from 25 books on Chinese history and economic history written by leading contemporary scholars, an economic proxy series for China with decadal resolution is presented that encompasses the period from BC 220 to AD 1910. A method for semantic differential and integrating descriptions with multi-time resolution is developed. The statistical results show that warm and wet periods were associated with above-average economic performance, while cold and dry climatic scenarios greatly increased the possibility of economic crisis. Temperature was more influential than precipitation in explaining the long-term economic fluctuations, whereas precipitation displayed more significant effects on the short-term macro-economic cycle. It is proposed that the climatic effects on agrarian economic development were highly dependent on the social vulnerability, which is determined by particular social, economic and political backgrounds. From a deep time perspective, our study may provide new insight into the current intense arguments regarding the economic effects of global warming.
ZhuDeng Wei; Xiuqi Fang; Yun Su. A preliminary analysis of economic fluctuations and climate changes in China from BC 220 to AD 1910. Regional Environmental Change 2014, 15, 1773 -1785.
AMA StyleZhuDeng Wei, Xiuqi Fang, Yun Su. A preliminary analysis of economic fluctuations and climate changes in China from BC 220 to AD 1910. Regional Environmental Change. 2014; 15 (8):1773-1785.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhuDeng Wei; Xiuqi Fang; Yun Su. 2014. "A preliminary analysis of economic fluctuations and climate changes in China from BC 220 to AD 1910." Regional Environmental Change 15, no. 8: 1773-1785.
To explore the public's risk perception and its causes and effects, it would be helpful to understand the basis for the public's disaster alleviation decisions and improve the effectiveness of risk communication. This paper analyses the relationship between the public's trust and risk perception by investigating the motives for trust building and the effects on public's flood risk perception in an area along the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River. The objects of trust are disaster alleviation measures of monitoring and early warning, flood control projects, and disaster event management. The study data were obtained by conducting household interviews. The major conclusions are: (1) Public's trust in monitoring and early warning as well as in flood control projects is greater than the one in disaster event management. Trust has changed the public's assessment of flood risk and enhanced public confidence in disaster handling. Meanwhile, it reduces the propensity to adopt long‐term preparation against disasters. Therefore, the public needs guidance in recognising the limits and validity of scientific and technological capabilities. (2) Public's trust is the product of not only individual psychological processes but also the external regional flood risk and social psychological characteristics. The levels of trust vary in different regions. Therefore, risk communication should be conducted according to regional characteristics.
Y. Su; X.-P. Sun; F. Zhao. Trust and its effects on the public's perception of flood risk: a social science investigation of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Journal of Flood Risk Management 2014, 10, 487 -498.
AMA StyleY. Su, X.-P. Sun, F. Zhao. Trust and its effects on the public's perception of flood risk: a social science investigation of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Journal of Flood Risk Management. 2014; 10 (4):487-498.
Chicago/Turabian StyleY. Su; X.-P. Sun; F. Zhao. 2014. "Trust and its effects on the public's perception of flood risk: a social science investigation of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River." Journal of Flood Risk Management 10, no. 4: 487-498.
China and America are top producers of many agricultural commodities. Each is a large and diverse nation with a range of climates and agricultural systems. Many crops are grown in similar settings in each country, such as wheat in the Great Plains of America and North China Plain Corn is of greater importance in the U.S. while rice is a major crop in China. The diversity and level of capital investment in many forms of agriculture in particular in the State of California is unexcelled on earth. While the intensity of agriculture on the Lower Yangtze plain is unique. China also has unique agricultural regions such as the silk and tea industries and highly developed aquaculture. This chapter presents a wealth of information about each country’s agricultural capabilities and diversity as well as discussing some pressing issues related to agriculture such as erosion, pollution and obesity.
Mark Leipnik; Yun Su; Robert Lane; Xinyue Ye. Agriculture and Food Production in China and the U.S. Cities between Competitiveness and Cohesion 2014, 117 -158.
AMA StyleMark Leipnik, Yun Su, Robert Lane, Xinyue Ye. Agriculture and Food Production in China and the U.S. Cities between Competitiveness and Cohesion. 2014; ():117-158.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMark Leipnik; Yun Su; Robert Lane; Xinyue Ye. 2014. "Agriculture and Food Production in China and the U.S." Cities between Competitiveness and Cohesion , no. : 117-158.
Most cereal and meat production in both China and America is concentrated in a few regions. The three regions in China discussed are the North-Eastern Plain, the Northern China Plain and the Middle and Lower Yangtze plain. These are centers of corn, wheat and Rice, respectively. The two main cereal production regions of the U.S are the Corn Belt in the North-Central Midwest and the larger Great Plains region farther to the west. The Corn Belt is dominated by corn production but pigs are important and extensively exported including to China. Wheat is dominant in the Great Plains and cattle are an important associated livestock resource. Each of these five regions is vital to world food security and commodity price stability and thus deserve the special attention this chapter devotes to them.
Mark Leipnik; Yun Su; Xinyue Ye. The Main Agricultural Regions of China and the U.S. Representing Place and Territorial Identities in Europe 2014, 309 -351.
AMA StyleMark Leipnik, Yun Su, Xinyue Ye. The Main Agricultural Regions of China and the U.S. Representing Place and Territorial Identities in Europe. 2014; ():309-351.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMark Leipnik; Yun Su; Xinyue Ye. 2014. "The Main Agricultural Regions of China and the U.S." Representing Place and Territorial Identities in Europe , no. : 309-351.
Studies carried out on the drought process, which can be classed as a gradual disaster, can help us to understand the disaster mechanism and offer strategies for disaster prevention. This paper uses the example of the drought in the Qianxi’nan Prefecture of Guizhou Province from July 2009 to May 2010. Data have been collected from government gazetteers, meteorological monitoring data, and field surveys to build up a sequence of meteorological drought indices. The categorization of the victims’ perception of drought impact, and the stages of drought responses of different subjects (government, social organizations, and the public), has also been examined by the same way. By contrasting the differences between the metrological drought indices, and victims’ perception of drought impact, researchers explored the drought cognition features of victims, social response features, and dynamic relationships between drought development and social responses. The results were as follows: The drought evolution process could be divided into 6 phases, and victims’ perception of drought impact could be divided into 7 phases. They were consistent in time period, and the victims’ perception of drought was subjective and based on their direct experiences. Their response has the characteristics of long term and concentration on a time. The responses of government and social organizations obviously fell behind those of victims, but they were effective and intensive in both timescale and effort. As the drought developed, responses shifted from individual to social responses and from practical to economic, political, and technological responses. On the basis of the results, the author has suggested methods of preparing stakeholders against possible drought risks.
Su Yun; Yin Jun; Shen Hong. Social perception and response to the drought process: a case study of the drought during 2009–2010 in the Qianxi’nan Prefecture of Guizhou Province. Natural Hazards 2012, 64, 839 -851.
AMA StyleSu Yun, Yin Jun, Shen Hong. Social perception and response to the drought process: a case study of the drought during 2009–2010 in the Qianxi’nan Prefecture of Guizhou Province. Natural Hazards. 2012; 64 (1):839-851.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSu Yun; Yin Jun; Shen Hong. 2012. "Social perception and response to the drought process: a case study of the drought during 2009–2010 in the Qianxi’nan Prefecture of Guizhou Province." Natural Hazards 64, no. 1: 839-851.