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BACKGROUND Induced resistance against several plant pathogens was reported using different beneficial plant growth promoting microorganisms. The potential of 5 fungal isolates, Trichoderma harzianum GT 3‐2, Fusarium equiseti GF 18‐3, Fusarium equiseti GF 19‐1, Phoma sp. GS 10‐1 and Phoma sp. GS 14‐1, was evaluated to stimulate tomato growth and resistance against bacterial speck disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pathovar (pv.) tomato DC3000. RESULTS Based on the results of disease severity and growth promotion experiments, GF 18‐3 exhibited the best results among all fungal isolates. Treatment with barley grain inocula (BGI) and culture filtrate (CF) of the isolates promoted tomato growth and suppressed the pathogen in pot trials. Furthermore, expressions of the pathogenesis‐related genes (PR‐1, β‐1,3‐glucanase A, β‐1,3‐glucanase B and LOX) were relatively higher than the control in the leaves of tomato plants treated with both BGI and CF. The transcription levels remained consistently higher than the control plants for six days after pathogen inoculation. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results indicate that the tested fungal isolates have the potential to promote tomato growth and induce systemic resistance against the bacterial speck disease. Analysis of certain PR genes expression reveals significant activation in both BGI and CF treatments, leading to stimulated resistance against the pathogen.
Mohsen Mohamed Elsharkawy; Amr Ahmed Khedr; Farid Mehiar; Elsayed Mesbah El‐Kady; Alaa Baazeem; Masafumi Shimizu. Suppression of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato infection by rhizosphere fungi. Pest Management Science 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleMohsen Mohamed Elsharkawy, Amr Ahmed Khedr, Farid Mehiar, Elsayed Mesbah El‐Kady, Alaa Baazeem, Masafumi Shimizu. Suppression of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato infection by rhizosphere fungi. Pest Management Science. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohsen Mohamed Elsharkawy; Amr Ahmed Khedr; Farid Mehiar; Elsayed Mesbah El‐Kady; Alaa Baazeem; Masafumi Shimizu. 2021. "Suppression of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato infection by rhizosphere fungi." Pest Management Science , no. : 1.
Mitsuaria sp. TWR114 is a biocontrol agent against tomato bacterial wilt (TBW). We aimed to gain genomic insights relevant to the biocontrol mechanisms and colonization ability of this strain. The draft genome size was found to be 5,632,523 bp, with a GC content of 69.5%, assembled into 1144 scaffolds. Genome annotation predicted a total of 4675 protein coding sequences (CDSs), 914 pseudogenes, 49 transfer RNAs, 3 noncoding RNAs, and 2 ribosomal RNAs. Genome analysis identified multiple CDSs associated with various pathways for the metabolism and transport of amino acids and carbohydrates, motility and chemotactic capacities, protection against stresses (oxidative, antibiotic, and phage), production of secondary metabolites, peptidases, quorum-quenching enzymes, and indole-3-acetic acid, as well as protein secretion systems and their related appendages. The genome resource will extend our understanding of the genomic features related to TWR114’s biocontrol and colonization abilities and facilitate its development as a new biopesticide against TBW.
Malek Marian; Takashi Fujikawa; Masafumi Shimizu. Genome analysis provides insights into the biocontrol ability of Mitsuaria sp. strain TWR114. Archives of Microbiology 2021, 1 -16.
AMA StyleMalek Marian, Takashi Fujikawa, Masafumi Shimizu. Genome analysis provides insights into the biocontrol ability of Mitsuaria sp. strain TWR114. Archives of Microbiology. 2021; ():1-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalek Marian; Takashi Fujikawa; Masafumi Shimizu. 2021. "Genome analysis provides insights into the biocontrol ability of Mitsuaria sp. strain TWR114." Archives of Microbiology , no. : 1-16.
Anthracnose caused by Glomerella cingulata is one of the most devastating diseases of strawberry in Japan, particularly during its nursery period in the summer. In this study, we aimed to isolate and screen endophytic actinobacteria, to identify potential biocontrol agents capable of suppressing strawberry anthracnose. A total of 226 actinobacteria were successfully isolated from surface-sterilized strawberry tissues. In the first screening, 217 out of 226 actinobacteria isolates were studied for their suppression effect on strawberry anthracnose using a detached leaflet assay. It was discovered that isolates MBFA-172 and MBFA-227 markedly suppressed the development of anthracnose lesions. The efficacy of both isolates was then tested on two-month-old strawberry plug seedlings in a controlled environmental chamber. It was found that isolate MBFA-172 provided consistent disease suppression and was thus selected as a final candidate for further evaluation in a glasshouse experiment. Results showed that the severity as well as incidence rate of strawberry anthracnose was significantly reduced by treatment with isolate MBFA-172 compared with that of untreated control. Accordingly, the disease control efficacy provided by MBFA-172 was statistically comparable to the chemical fungicide propineb. A re-isolation experiment using a spontaneous thiostrepton-resistant mutated strain of isolate MBFA-172 revealed that it efficiently colonized the above-ground tissues of strawberry plants for at least three weeks after spray treatment. Using cultural, morphological, and physiological tests combined with 16S rRNA-based molecular analysis, MBFA-172 was identified as a moderately thermophilic Streptomyces thermocarboxydus-related species. Upon review, our results strongly indicated that MBFA-172 is a promising biocontrol agent for strawberry anthracnose.
Malek Marian; Teppei Ohno; Hirofumi Suzuki; Hatsuyoshi Kitamura; Katsutoshi Kuroda; Masafumi Shimizu. A novel strain of endophytic Streptomyces for the biocontrol of strawberry anthracnose caused by Glomerella cingulata. Microbiological Research 2020, 234, 126428 .
AMA StyleMalek Marian, Teppei Ohno, Hirofumi Suzuki, Hatsuyoshi Kitamura, Katsutoshi Kuroda, Masafumi Shimizu. A novel strain of endophytic Streptomyces for the biocontrol of strawberry anthracnose caused by Glomerella cingulata. Microbiological Research. 2020; 234 ():126428.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalek Marian; Teppei Ohno; Hirofumi Suzuki; Hatsuyoshi Kitamura; Katsutoshi Kuroda; Masafumi Shimizu. 2020. "A novel strain of endophytic Streptomyces for the biocontrol of strawberry anthracnose caused by Glomerella cingulata." Microbiological Research 234, no. : 126428.
Reducing dependence on chemical pesticides is considered as an essential challenge for sustainable crop production. The use of microbial biocontrol agents (MBCAs) is a key component of sustainable pest management. Numerous antagonistic microorganisms are known to suppress plant diseases, but their practical application and commercialization are still limited in part due to poor reliability of their efficacy in the field. Although promising MBCAs achieve remarkable disease control in the laboratory or greenhouse, field control is often unsatisfactory. Thus, for MBCAs to be integrated into crop production, their field performance must be improved to provide the cost-effectiveness and efficacy required by growers. In this review, we highlight recent approaches to enhance the field performance of MBCAs.
Malek Marian; Masafumi Shimizu. Improving performance of microbial biocontrol agents against plant diseases. Journal of General Plant Pathology 2019, 85, 329 -336.
AMA StyleMalek Marian, Masafumi Shimizu. Improving performance of microbial biocontrol agents against plant diseases. Journal of General Plant Pathology. 2019; 85 (5):329-336.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalek Marian; Masafumi Shimizu. 2019. "Improving performance of microbial biocontrol agents against plant diseases." Journal of General Plant Pathology 85, no. 5: 329-336.
Fusarium fujikuroi, a member of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex, stands out as a rice bakanae disease pathogen with a high production of gibberellic acid. Not all, but some F. fujikuroi strains are known to produce a carcinogenic mycotoxin fumonisin. Fumonisin biosynthesis is dependent on the FUM cluster composed of 16 FUM genes. The FUM cluster was detected not only from a fumonisin producing strain, but also from a fumonisin nonproducing strain that does not produce a detectable level of fumonisin. Genetic mapping indicated the causative mutation(s) of fumonisin nonproduction is present in the FUM cluster of the fumonisin nonproducing strain. Comparative analyses of FUM genes between the fumonisin producing and the nonproducing strains and gene complementation indicated that causative mutation of fumonisin nonproduction is not a single occurrence and the mutations are distributed in FUM21 and FUM7. Our research revealed a natural variation in the FUM cluster involving fumonisin production difference in F. fujikuroi.
Sharmin Sultana; Miha Kitajima; Hironori Kobayashi; Hiroyuki Nakagawa; Masafumi Shimizu; Koji Kageyama; Haruhisa Suga. A Natural Variation of Fumonisin Gene Cluster Associated with Fumonisin Production Difference in Fusarium fujikuroi. Toxins 2019, 11, 200 .
AMA StyleSharmin Sultana, Miha Kitajima, Hironori Kobayashi, Hiroyuki Nakagawa, Masafumi Shimizu, Koji Kageyama, Haruhisa Suga. A Natural Variation of Fumonisin Gene Cluster Associated with Fumonisin Production Difference in Fusarium fujikuroi. Toxins. 2019; 11 (4):200.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSharmin Sultana; Miha Kitajima; Hironori Kobayashi; Hiroyuki Nakagawa; Masafumi Shimizu; Koji Kageyama; Haruhisa Suga. 2019. "A Natural Variation of Fumonisin Gene Cluster Associated with Fumonisin Production Difference in Fusarium fujikuroi." Toxins 11, no. 4: 200.
Crop rotation and intercropping with Allium plants suppresses Fusarium wilt in various crops. However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have not been fully elucidated. This study was designed to assess the role of microorganisms inhabiting Allium rhizospheres and antifungal compounds produced by Allium roots in Fusarium wilt suppression by Allium cultivation. Suppression of cucumber Fusarium wilt and the pathogen multiplication by Allium (Welsh onion and/or onion)-cultivated soils were eliminated by heat treatment at 60 °C, whereas those by Welsh onion-root extract were lost at 40 °C. The addition of antibacterial antibiotics eliminated the suppressive effect of Welsh onion-cultivated soil on pathogen multiplication, suggesting the contribution of antagonistic gram-negative bacteria to the soil suppressiveness. The Illumina MiSeq sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons revealed that genus Flavobacterium was the predominant group that preferentially accumulated in Allium rhizospheres. Flavobacterium species recovered from the rhizosphere soils of these Allium plants suppressed Fusarium wilt on cucumber seedlings. Furthermore, confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that Flavobacterium isolates inhibited the multiplication of the pathogen in soil. Taken together, we infer that the accumulation of antagonistic Flavobacterium species plays a key role in Fusarium wilt suppression by Allium cultivation.
Tomoki Nishioka; Malek Marian; Issei Kobayashi; Yuhko Kobayashi; Kyosuke Yamamoto; Hideyuki Tamaki; Haruhisa Suga; Masafumi Shimizu. Microbial basis of Fusarium wilt suppression by Allium cultivation. Scientific Reports 2019, 9, 1 -9.
AMA StyleTomoki Nishioka, Malek Marian, Issei Kobayashi, Yuhko Kobayashi, Kyosuke Yamamoto, Hideyuki Tamaki, Haruhisa Suga, Masafumi Shimizu. Microbial basis of Fusarium wilt suppression by Allium cultivation. Scientific Reports. 2019; 9 (1):1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTomoki Nishioka; Malek Marian; Issei Kobayashi; Yuhko Kobayashi; Kyosuke Yamamoto; Hideyuki Tamaki; Haruhisa Suga; Masafumi Shimizu. 2019. "Microbial basis of Fusarium wilt suppression by Allium cultivation." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1: 1-9.
We previously identified Mitsuaria sp. TWR114 and nonpathogenic Ralstonia sp. TCR112 as potential biocontrol agents to suppress tomato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum. Because commercial biocontrol products require a practical cost-effective application method that maximizes their performance, we investigated whether the combined application of TWR114 and TCR112 enhances the biocontrol of bacterial wilt. In pot experiments, all the tested inoculum ratios (i.e., 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1) of the TWR114 + TCR112 treatment significantly suppressed the incidence of bacterial wilt, even at 28 days post-challenge inoculation (dpi) (13–47% wilt incidence), while 60% of plants treated with the individual isolates developed bacterial wilt within 10–12 dpi. The pathogen population in the rhizosphere and aboveground regions decreased considerably after the TWR114 + TCR112 treatment compared with that in the individual treatments. Moreover, the pathogen population in the aboveground parts of TWR114 + TCR112-treated plants had decreased to an undetectable level by 28 dpi. After inoculation with the pathogen, the expression of several tomato defense-related genes was higher in the TWR114 + TCR112-treated plants than in those treated with the individual isolates. Altogether, the results indicate that TWR114 and TCR112 applied together have a synergistic suppressive effect and that stronger defense priming might contribute to the improved biocontrol. The combination of both isolates may be a very promising approach for controlling tomato bacterial wilt in the future.
Malek Marian; Akio Morita; Hiroyuki Koyama; Haruhisa Suga; Masafumi Shimizu. Enhanced biocontrol of tomato bacterial wilt using the combined application of Mitsuaria sp. TWR114 and nonpathogenic Ralstonia sp. TCR112. Journal of General Plant Pathology 2019, 85, 142 -154.
AMA StyleMalek Marian, Akio Morita, Hiroyuki Koyama, Haruhisa Suga, Masafumi Shimizu. Enhanced biocontrol of tomato bacterial wilt using the combined application of Mitsuaria sp. TWR114 and nonpathogenic Ralstonia sp. TCR112. Journal of General Plant Pathology. 2019; 85 (2):142-154.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalek Marian; Akio Morita; Hiroyuki Koyama; Haruhisa Suga; Masafumi Shimizu. 2019. "Enhanced biocontrol of tomato bacterial wilt using the combined application of Mitsuaria sp. TWR114 and nonpathogenic Ralstonia sp. TCR112." Journal of General Plant Pathology 85, no. 2: 142-154.
Fusarium fujikuroi is a pathogenic fungus that causes rice bakanae disease. Historically, this pathogen has been known as Fusarium moniliforme , along with many other species based on a broad species concept. Gibberellin, which is currently known as a plant hormone, is a virulence factor of F. fujikuroi . Fumonisin is a carcinogenic mycotoxin posing a serious threat to food and feed safety. Although it has been confirmed that F. fujikuroi produces gibberellin and fumonisin, production varies among strains, and individual production has been obscured by the traditional appellation of F. moniliforme , difficulties in species identification, and variation in the assays used to determine the production of these secondary metabolites. In this study, we discovered two phylogenetic subgroups associated with fumonisin and gibberellin production in Japanese F. fujikuroi .
Haruhisa Suga; Mitsuhiro Arai; Emi Fukasawa; Keiichi Motohashi; Hiroyuki Nakagawa; Hideaki Tateishi; Shin-Ichi Fuji; Masafumi Shimizu; Koji Kageyama; Mitsuro Hyakumachi. Genetic Differentiation Associated with Fumonisin and Gibberellin Production in Japanese Fusarium fujikuroi. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2019, 85, 1 .
AMA StyleHaruhisa Suga, Mitsuhiro Arai, Emi Fukasawa, Keiichi Motohashi, Hiroyuki Nakagawa, Hideaki Tateishi, Shin-Ichi Fuji, Masafumi Shimizu, Koji Kageyama, Mitsuro Hyakumachi. Genetic Differentiation Associated with Fumonisin and Gibberellin Production in Japanese Fusarium fujikuroi. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2019; 85 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHaruhisa Suga; Mitsuhiro Arai; Emi Fukasawa; Keiichi Motohashi; Hiroyuki Nakagawa; Hideaki Tateishi; Shin-Ichi Fuji; Masafumi Shimizu; Koji Kageyama; Mitsuro Hyakumachi. 2019. "Genetic Differentiation Associated with Fumonisin and Gibberellin Production in Japanese Fusarium fujikuroi." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 85, no. 1: 1.
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a very serious hazard to vegetable production worldwide. This study is focused on evaluation of resistance stimulated by the plant growth-promoting fungus, Phoma sp. GS8-3, or nanosilica against CMV under pot and field conditions. The specific aim was to illustrate the mechanism of resistance stimulated by GS8-3 against CMV using microarray technology. Treatments with GS8-3 as well as nanosilica significantly decreased CMV severity and titer in tobacco and cucumber under pot and field conditions, respectively. Growth characters of tobacco and cucumber were significantly increased due to GS8-3 inoculation followed by nanosilica compared with control and BTH treatments. Microarray results showed highly upregulation of defense-related genes expression specially those related to heat shock proteins. Therefore, GS8-3 as well as nanosilica is suitable to serve as effective inducers against CMV in cucumber plants.
Mohsen Mohamed Elsharkawy; Haruhisa Suga; Masafumi Shimizu. Systemic resistance induced by Phoma sp. GS8-3 and nanosilica against Cucumber mosaic virus. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2018, 27, 19029 -19037.
AMA StyleMohsen Mohamed Elsharkawy, Haruhisa Suga, Masafumi Shimizu. Systemic resistance induced by Phoma sp. GS8-3 and nanosilica against Cucumber mosaic virus. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2018; 27 (16):19029-19037.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohsen Mohamed Elsharkawy; Haruhisa Suga; Masafumi Shimizu. 2018. "Systemic resistance induced by Phoma sp. GS8-3 and nanosilica against Cucumber mosaic virus." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 16: 19029-19037.
In this study, we aimed to identify potential biocontrol agents capable of suppressing tomato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum. In total, 441 bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of tomato, Chinese chive, and Welsh onion. Based on the results of the in vitro antibacterial activity assay, 275 isolates were selected and further evaluated using a tomato seedling bioassay. Eighteen isolates that belonged to that the genera Ralstonia and Mitsuaria exhibited a relatively higher disease suppression (>50% reduction in disease severity) than the other isolates. The isolate TCR112 of Ralstonia and 10 isolates of Mitsuaria were assessed for their biocontrol effect in a series of pot experiments. Among the isolates, TCR112 (identified as Ralstonia sp.) and TWR114 (identified as Mitsuaria sp.), which showed a consistent disease suppression in pot experiments, were selected as final candidates for further evaluation under field conditions. The results showed that soil drenching at weekly intervals with isolates TCR112 and TWR114 reduced the wilt incidence in the first year by 57.2% and 85.8%, and in the second year by 57.2% and 35.3%, respectively, indicating that these isolates were promising biocontrol agents of tomato bacterial wilt. The isolates effectively reduced the pathogen population in the rhizosphere and crown of pot grown tomatoes. Monitoring the population dynamics of biocontrol isolates revealed that both isolates have stable rhizosphere and endophytic colonization capacities. Furthermore, the in vitro assay for siderophore, indole-3-acetic acid, protease, and polygalacturonase production revealed that TCR112 produces the former three substances and TWR114 produces the latter three substances. Altogether, the results suggest that both isolates suppress tomato bacterial wilt by preventing pathogen multiplication and infection via direct antagonism and/or indirect effects such as competing for nutrients and inducing resistance in tomato plants. Furthermore, this is the first study reporting the potential of Mitsuaria as a biocontrol agent against tomato bacterial wilt.
Malek Marian; Tomoki Nishioka; Hiroyuki Koyama; Haruhisa Suga; Masafumi Shimizu. Biocontrol potential of Ralstonia sp. TCR112 and Mitsuaria sp. TWR114 against tomato bacterial wilt. Applied Soil Ecology 2018, 128, 71 -80.
AMA StyleMalek Marian, Tomoki Nishioka, Hiroyuki Koyama, Haruhisa Suga, Masafumi Shimizu. Biocontrol potential of Ralstonia sp. TCR112 and Mitsuaria sp. TWR114 against tomato bacterial wilt. Applied Soil Ecology. 2018; 128 ():71-80.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalek Marian; Tomoki Nishioka; Hiroyuki Koyama; Haruhisa Suga; Masafumi Shimizu. 2018. "Biocontrol potential of Ralstonia sp. TCR112 and Mitsuaria sp. TWR114 against tomato bacterial wilt." Applied Soil Ecology 128, no. : 71-80.
Malek Marian; Kiriko Ogawa; Yui Yoshikawa; Satoko Takasaki; Atsushi Usami; Masafumi Shimizu; Mitsuo Miyazawa; Mitsuro Hyakumachi. Agroecosystem Development of Industrial Fermentation Waste - Suppressive Effects of Beer Yeast Cell Wall Extract on Plant Diseases. Current Environmental Engineering 2015, 1, 207 -211.
AMA StyleMalek Marian, Kiriko Ogawa, Yui Yoshikawa, Satoko Takasaki, Atsushi Usami, Masafumi Shimizu, Mitsuo Miyazawa, Mitsuro Hyakumachi. Agroecosystem Development of Industrial Fermentation Waste - Suppressive Effects of Beer Yeast Cell Wall Extract on Plant Diseases. Current Environmental Engineering. 2015; 1 (3):207-211.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalek Marian; Kiriko Ogawa; Yui Yoshikawa; Satoko Takasaki; Atsushi Usami; Masafumi Shimizu; Mitsuo Miyazawa; Mitsuro Hyakumachi. 2015. "Agroecosystem Development of Industrial Fermentation Waste - Suppressive Effects of Beer Yeast Cell Wall Extract on Plant Diseases." Current Environmental Engineering 1, no. 3: 207-211.
PCR-RFLP based on the translation elongation factor 1α (TEF) gene was developed to identify Fusarium fujikuroi in the Fusarium (Gibberella) fujikuroi species complex. Ninety-three strains, most of which were obtained from various sources in Japan, were identified as F. fujikuroi and their capability to produce fumonisin was investigated using an in vitro assay. Fumonisin production was detected in 50 strains isolated from maize, strawberry, wheat, and rice, whereas it was undetectable in 43 strains derived from rice seeds and rice seedlings carrying the bakanae disease, and from unknown sources. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the TEF gene (T618G) correlated with the ability to synthesize fumonisin.
Haruhisa Suga; Miha Kitajima; Riku Nagumo; Takao Tsukiboshi; Ryuichi Uegaki; Takashi Nakajima; Masayo Kushiro; Hiroyuki Nakagawa; Masafumi Shimizu; Koji Kageyama; Mitsuro Hyakumachi. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the translation elongation factor 1α gene correlates with the ability to produce fumonisin in Japanese Fusarium fujikuroi. Fungal Biology 2014, 118, 402 -412.
AMA StyleHaruhisa Suga, Miha Kitajima, Riku Nagumo, Takao Tsukiboshi, Ryuichi Uegaki, Takashi Nakajima, Masayo Kushiro, Hiroyuki Nakagawa, Masafumi Shimizu, Koji Kageyama, Mitsuro Hyakumachi. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the translation elongation factor 1α gene correlates with the ability to produce fumonisin in Japanese Fusarium fujikuroi. Fungal Biology. 2014; 118 (4):402-412.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHaruhisa Suga; Miha Kitajima; Riku Nagumo; Takao Tsukiboshi; Ryuichi Uegaki; Takashi Nakajima; Masayo Kushiro; Hiroyuki Nakagawa; Masafumi Shimizu; Koji Kageyama; Mitsuro Hyakumachi. 2014. "A single nucleotide polymorphism in the translation elongation factor 1α gene correlates with the ability to produce fumonisin in Japanese Fusarium fujikuroi." Fungal Biology 118, no. 4: 402-412.
Diverse endophytic microbes construct complex interactions with their living hosts. Some are mutually supportive and others parasitic, giving a large influence to plant health. Endophytic actinomycetes have attracted interest of microbiologists, agrochemists and pharmacologists as the promising producers of novel antibiotics, growth promoters, and lead compounds to develop new medicines and agrochemicals. Although the fruits of basic research concerning these organisms have not sufficiently been realized, it is important to review the present knowledge of the beneficial interactions of endophytic actinomycetes and their hosts for their potential use in crop management to help solve a possible worldwide starvation in the near future. This chapter focuses on the potential of endophytic actinomycetes as (a) biocontrol tools of plant diseases and (b) sources of plant growth promoters, as well as isolation techniques, diversity in vascular plants, in planta colonization and mode of entry into host plants.
Masafumi Shimizu. Endophytic Actinomycetes: Biocontrol Agents and Growth Promoters. Bacteria in Agrobiology: Plant Growth Responses 2011, 201 -220.
AMA StyleMasafumi Shimizu. Endophytic Actinomycetes: Biocontrol Agents and Growth Promoters. Bacteria in Agrobiology: Plant Growth Responses. 2011; ():201-220.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMasafumi Shimizu. 2011. "Endophytic Actinomycetes: Biocontrol Agents and Growth Promoters." Bacteria in Agrobiology: Plant Growth Responses , no. : 201-220.