Nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) have an important influence on the formation of photochemical smog and secondary organic aerosols in the atmosphere. We investigated 55 NMHCs in Chengdu from 27 October 2016 to 30 September 2017 to identify their sources, pollution levels, and secondary transformation potential. The average concentration of NMHCs in Chengdu was 41.8 ± 20.8 ppbv. Meteorological conditions play a vital role in the formation and dispersion of NMHCs, PM_2.5, and O₃. The photochemical conversion of NMHCs was inhibited by lower solar radiation, leading to low O₃ concentrations and high NMHC concentrations. Aromatics and alkenes played a leading role in the secondary transformation, accounting for 60 ± 16% and 29 ± 11% of the total secondary formation potential, respectively. The southwest air mass trajectory was the most significant transportation path affecting the NMHC concentration in Chengdu. The results of the positive matrix factorization model indicated that there were seasonal differences in the sources of NMHCs in Chengdu. Four major emission sources were identified, namely, vehicle exhaust, industrial, paint solvents, and biogenic sources. Vehicle exhaust emissions were the greatest contributor to NMHCs in Chengdu, accounting for approximately 45% of the NMHCs. Overall, toluene, m/p‐xylene and ethylbenzene constitute a large fraction of the calculated ozone and secondary aerosol formation potential. Future studies should consider targeting these compounds when evaluating ozone and aerosol reduction strategies. However, in terms of total control of NMHC pollution, Chengdu should focus on effective control measures for traffic emissions.