αβ CD8⁺, γδ, and NK lymphocytes are fundamental effector cells against viruses and tumors. These cells can be divided into multiple subsets according to their phenotype. Based on progressive telomere attrition from naive to late effector memory cells, human CD8⁺ T cell subsets have been positioned along a pathway of differentiation, which is also considered as a process of lymphocyte aging or senescence. A similar categorization has not been clearly established for γδ and NK cell populations. Moreover, the distinction between the aging of these populations due to cellular differentiation or due to the chronological age of the donor has not been formally considered. In this study, we performed systematic measurements of telomere length and telomerase activity in human αβ CD8⁺, γδ, and NK lymphocytes based on subset division and across age to address these points and better understand the dichotomy between differentiation and temporal aging. This approach enables us to position phenotypically distinct γδ or NK subsets along a putative pathway of differentiation, such as for CD8⁺ T cells. Moreover, our data show that both cellular differentiation and donor aging have profound but independent effects on telomere length and telomerase activity of lymphocyte subpopulations, implying distinct mechanisms and consequences on the immune system.

The maintenance of effective immunity over time is dependent on the capacity of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to sustain the pool of immunocompetent mature cells. Decline of immune competence with old age may stem from HSC defects, including reduced self-renewal potential and impaired lymphopoiesis, as suggested in murine models. To obtain further insights into aging-related alteration of hematopoiesis, we performed a comprehensive study of blood hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) from older humans. In the elderly, HPCs present active oxidative phosphorylation and are pressed to enter cell cycling. However, p53-p21 and p15 cell senescence pathways, associated with telomerase activity deficiency, strong telomere attrition, and oxidative stress, are engaged, thus limiting cell cycling. Moreover, survival of old HPCs is impacted by pyroptosis, an inflammatory form of programmed cell death. Lastly, telomerase activity deficiency and telomere length attrition of old HPCs may be passed on to progeny cells such as naive T lymphocytes, further highlighting the poor hematopoietic potential of the elderly. This pre-senescent profile is characteristic of the multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting HPCs in elderly individuals and represents a major obstacle in terms of immune reconstitution and efficacy with advanced age.

Background Dysregulation in calcium (Ca²⁺) signaling is a hallmark of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). While the role of the B cell receptor (BCR) Ca²⁺ pathway has been associated with disease progression, the importance of the newly described constitutive Ca²⁺ entry (CE) pathway is less clear. In addition, we hypothesized that these differences reflect modifications of the CE pathway and Ca²⁺ actors such as Orai1, transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) 1, and stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), the latter being the focus of this study. Methods An extensive analysis of the Ca²⁺ entry (CE) pathway in CLL B cells was performed including constitutive Ca²⁺ entry, basal Ca²⁺ levels, and store operated Ca²⁺ entry (SOCE) activated following B cell receptor engagement or using Thapsigargin. The molecular characterization of the calcium channels Orai1 and TRPC1 and to their partner STIM1 was performed by flow cytometry and/or Western blotting. Specific siRNAs for Orai1, TRPC1 and STIM1 plus the Orai1 channel blocker Synta66 were used. CLL B cell viability was tested in the presence of an anti-STIM1 monoclonal antibody (mAb, clone GOK) coupled or not with an anti-CD20 mAb, rituximab. The Cox regression model was used to determine the optimal threshold and to stratify patients. Results Seeking to explore the CE pathway, we found in untreated CLL patients that an abnormal CE pathway was (i) highly associated with the disease outcome; (ii) positively correlated with basal Ca²⁺ concentrations; (iii) independent from the BCR-PLCγ2-InsP₃R (SOCE) Ca²⁺ signaling pathway; (iv) supported by Orai1 and TRPC1 channels; (v) regulated by the pool of STIM1 located in the plasma membrane (STIM1_PM); and (vi) blocked when using a mAb targeting STIM1_PM. Next, we further established an association between an elevated expression of STIM1_PM and clinical outcome. In addition, combining an anti-STIM1 mAb with rituximab significantly reduced in vitro CLL B cell viability within the high STIM1_PM CLL subgroup. Conclusions These data establish the critical role of a newly discovered BCR independent Ca²⁺ entry in CLL evolution, provide new insights into CLL pathophysiology, and support innovative therapeutic perspectives such as targeting STIM1 located at the plasma membrane.

La signalisation calcique est un mécanisme physiologique essentiel pour l’homéostasie cellulaire, et en particulier pour les cellules immunitaires telles que les lymphocytes B (LB). Chez l’homme, la caractérisation des molécules impliquées dans la signalisation calcique des LB est encore restreinte. Nous avons donc choisi d’étudier les molécules STIM1, STIM2, Orai1 et TRPC1 afin de rendre compte des modifications de la signalisation calcique observées dans deux modèles physiopathologiques : le Lupus Erythémateux Systémique (LES) et la Leucémie Lymphoïde Chronique (LLC). Pour les LB de LES, par rapport à des LB de témoins, ce travail a permis de montrer que la surexpression de la molécule STIM1 dans les LB de LES, surtout au stade des LB transitionnels, était associée avec un influx constitutif et extracellulaire de calcium et que cet influx était responsable d’une phosphorylation modérée de la MAPK Erk1/2 dans les cellules au repos. Cependant, cet effet positif est contrebalancé par un défaut de l’influx SOCE (strore operated calcium entry) et d’un défaut d’activation de la phosphorylation de la MAPK Erk après stimulation du récepteur à l’antigène des LB (BCR). Les effets positifs et négatifs observés sur la phosphorylation d.Erk1/2 sont directement attribuables au niveau d’expression de STIM1 comme nous l’avons démontré en sur-exprimant STIM1 dans des LB de témoins (vecteur pSTIM1-STIM1) ou en ayant recours à un siRNA spécifique de STIM1 dans les LB de LES. Le défaut d’activité régulatrice des LB de LES sur la prolifération des LT dans un modèle de co-culture autologue LT/LB en présence de CpG (activation du TLR9 des LB), et d’anticorps anti-CD3/CD28 (activation des LT) est levé en inhibant l’expression de STIM1 dans ces cellules ce qui permet de restaurer la production d.IL-10 par les LB de LES et la génération de LT régulateurs. Le défaut d’activation de la voie Erk/DNMT1/méthylation de l’ADN dans les LB de LES semble également contrôlée par le niveau d’expression de la molécule STIM1.Pour les LB CD5+ de LLC, l’analyse des partenaires calciques nous a permis de distinguer deux groupes de patients : un premier groupe qui exprime le complexe membranaire STIM1/TRPC1/Orai1 et un second groupe qui n’exprime qu’Orai1. La présence du complexe membranaire STIM1/TRPC1/Orai1 est associée avec un influx constitutif de calcium, la phosphorylation d’Erk1/2, et un défaut d’activation du signal SOCE après stimulation du BCR. Le rôle de la molécule CD5 sur l’influx constitutif des LLC du groupe I a été démontré en utilisant des siRNA spécifiques pourCD5 et en analysant la lignée B humaine Jok-1 transfectée avec CD5. Enfin, l’utilisation d’un anticorps anti-STIM1 est capable d’induire l’apoptose in vitro des LB de LLC du groupe I, alors que l’anticorps anti-CD20, rituximab, n’est efficace que sur les LLC du groupe II.En conclusion, cette étude ouvre de nouvelles perspectives diagnostiques et thérapeutiques en auto-immunité dans le LES et en cancérologie dans la LLC.