This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of liming (CaCO₃ 1000 kg ha⁻¹) and application of organic fertilizers (rotted farmyard manure 40 t ha⁻¹) and six different combination of mineral fertilizers: NPK 15:15:15 800 kg ha⁻¹ + KAN (calcium ammonium nitrate) 240 kg ha⁻¹; NPK 15:15:15 400 kg ha⁻¹ + MCB (water-soluble mineral fertilizer NPK 13:11:20 + 2MgO + microelements + humic acid) 300 kg ha⁻¹ + KAN 125 kg ha⁻¹; MCB 400 kg ha⁻¹; MCB 400 kg ha⁻¹ + KMg (water-soluble mineral fertilizer Multi KMg 13:0:43 + 2MgO) 100 kg ha⁻¹; MCB 600 kg ha⁻¹ + KMg 100 kg ha⁻¹ and MCB 800 kg ha⁻¹ + KMg 100 kg ha⁻¹ on yield and other productivity parameters of potato (Kennebec variety). The aim of the research was to optimize the system of potato plant nutrition for maximum profitability in the future potato production on acid soils of mountainous region of Montenegro. The experiments were carried out during 2015 and 2016, on Dystric Cambisols. The results obtained suggested that in both years, the highest values for all studied parameters were measured on plots with combined application of liming, organic and mineral fertilizers. In addition, a significant influence on the increase in the number of tubers per plant, the average tuber weight and the total yield was also demonstrated in all individual trials of potato nutrition, and the interaction of organic manure and mineral fertilizer. Fertilizing with rotted farmyard manure had significantly increased potato productivity, with the effect more pronounced in treatments with liming. The highest number of tubers (6.2 and 7.2), average tuber weight (93.5 g and 101.0 g) and yield (27.6 t ha⁻¹ in 2015 and 34.8 t ha⁻¹ in 2016, respectively) were obtained using combinations of MCB 800 kg ha⁻¹ + KMg 100 kg ha⁻¹ on variants fertilized with rotted farmyard manure and liming. This research is a valuable source of information for potato growers and scientists from this region as the results have shown how fertilization is raising productivity in this environment and its importance in the future potato growing on acid soils in mountainous regions of Montenegro and Western Balkans.

History of wheat cultivation is as long as history of civilization. Adaptation of nature, animal domestication and plant cultivation, enabled transition from nomadism to sedentism 12,000 years ago, portraying the rise of Homo sapiens of today. First civilization, Mesopotamia aroused around 4000 B.C.E, in the riverbanks of Tiger and Euphrates, where carbon-14 dating revealed that tetraploid wild emmer (Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccoides) was grown. Due to modest cultivation requirements and high nutritional value, wheat quickly spread from its centre of origin throughout the world. Generations of farmers have chosen seeds from plants with best architecture, adapted to local conditions for sowing, striving toward constant improvement of yields. For centuries agricultural production was based on locally adapted wheat varieties of great genetic diversity. Agriculture completely changed its course in mid-XX century as a result of Green Revolution, introduction of high-yielding cereal varieties, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, irrigation and mechanization replacing traditional techniques. The flourishing of agriculture has drastically changed the course of agricultural development and global society. Improvement of agricultural techniques by integrating scientific advancements and knowledge to assimilate environmental factors has tripled wheat yields in last 50 years. Today, wheat, maize and rice, represent staple food for humanity.

Durum wheat landraces represent a genetic resource for the identification and isolation of new valuable genes and alleles, useful to increase the crop adaptability to climate change. Several durum wheat landraces, all denominated “Rogosija”, were extensively cultivated in the Western Balkan Peninsula until the first half of the 20th century. Within the conservation program of the Montenegro Plant Gene Bank, these landraces were collected, but without being characterized. The main goal of this study was to estimate the genetic diversity of the “Rogosija collection” consisting of 89 durum accessions, using 17 morphological descriptors and the 25K Illumina single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. The genetic structure analysis of the Rogosija collection showed two distinguished clusters localized in two different Montenegro eco-geographic micro-areas, characterized by continental Mediterranean climate and maritime Mediterranean climate. Data suggest that these clusters could be composed of two different Balkan durum landrace collections evolved in two different eco-geographic micro-areas. Moreover, the origin of Balkan durum landraces is discussed.

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) hold significant potential for enhancing agricultural sustainability, yet public acceptance remains limited. This study examined consumer perceptions of GMOs in Montenegro, where traditional agriculture coexists with emerging biotechnology. Using an online survey of 1178 respondents, attitudes toward GMOs, health and environmental risk perceptions, and media influences were analyzed. Results showed that 76% of respondents considered GMOs harmful to human health, with strong concerns regarding environmental and animal impacts. Women and respondents with higher education levels expressed higher risk awareness. K-means clustering identified three consumer groups - Highly Concerned (34.9%), Moderately Concerned (37.9%), and Critical but Uncertain (27.2%) - differing in awareness, information sources, and consumption behavior. Findings highlight the role of misinformation and low institutional trust in shaping public attitudes. Strengthening science-based communication and transparent labeling policies is essential for fostering informed decisions and supporting the integration of biotechnology into sustainable agriculture.