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IOTA is a distributed ledger technology (DLT) platform proposed for the internet of things (IoT) systems in order to tackle the limitations of Blockchain in terms of latency, scalability, and transaction cost. The main concepts used in IOTA to reach this objective are a directed acyclic graph (DAG) based ledger, called Tangle, used instead of the chain of blocks, and a new validation mechanism that, instead of relying on the miners as it is the case in Blockchain, relies on participating nodes that cooperate to validate the new transactions. Due to the different IoT capabilities, IOTA classifies these devices into full and light nodes. The light nodes are nodes with low computing resources which seek full nodes’ help to validate and attach its transaction to the Tangle. The light nodes are manually connected to the full nodes by using the full node IP address or the IOTA client load balancer. This task distribution method overcharges the active full nodes and, thus, reduces the platform’s performance. In this paper, we introduce an efficient mechanism to distribute the tasks fairly among full nodes and hence achieve load balancing. To do so, we consider the task allocation between the nodes by introducing an enhanced resource allocation scheme based on the weight least connection algorithm (WLC). To assess its performance, we investigate and test different implementation scenarios. The results show an improved balancing of data traffic among full nodes based on their weights and number of active connections.
Houssein Hellani; Layth Sliman; Abed Samhat; Ernesto Exposito. Computing Resource Allocation Scheme for DAG-Based IOTA Nodes. Sensors 2021, 21, 4703 .
AMA StyleHoussein Hellani, Layth Sliman, Abed Samhat, Ernesto Exposito. Computing Resource Allocation Scheme for DAG-Based IOTA Nodes. Sensors. 2021; 21 (14):4703.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoussein Hellani; Layth Sliman; Abed Samhat; Ernesto Exposito. 2021. "Computing Resource Allocation Scheme for DAG-Based IOTA Nodes." Sensors 21, no. 14: 4703.
Data transparency is essential in the modern supply chain to improve trust and boost collaboration among partners. In this context, Blockchain is a promising technology to provide full transparency across the entire supply chain. However, Blockchain was originally designed to provide full transparency and uncontrolled data access. This leads many market actors to avoid Blockchain as they fear for their confidentiality. In this paper, we highlight the requirements and challenges of supply chain transparency. We then investigate a set of supply chain projects that tackle data transparency issues by utilizing Blockchain in their core platform in different manners. Furthermore, we analyze the projects’ techniques and the tools utilized to customize transparency. As a result of the projects’ analyses, we identified that further enhancements are needed to set a balance between the data transparency and process opacity required by different partners, to ensure the confidentiality of their processes and to control access to sensitive data.
Houssein Hellani; Layth Sliman; Abed Samhat; Ernesto Exposito. On Blockchain Integration with Supply Chain: Overview on Data Transparency. Logistics 2021, 5, 46 .
AMA StyleHoussein Hellani, Layth Sliman, Abed Samhat, Ernesto Exposito. On Blockchain Integration with Supply Chain: Overview on Data Transparency. Logistics. 2021; 5 (3):46.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoussein Hellani; Layth Sliman; Abed Samhat; Ernesto Exposito. 2021. "On Blockchain Integration with Supply Chain: Overview on Data Transparency." Logistics 5, no. 3: 46.
The use of blockchain (BC) technology for IoT-based collaboration platforms is still hindered by its inherent properties, namely, the need for ever-increasing storage and the low scalability. In this paper, we investigate the interoperability requirements between BC and tangle distributed technologies. We propose a new decentralization architecture in which BC and tangle are combined in such a way that the IoT functionality is increased, and storage is enhanced while keeping a high level of reliability, data accessibility, integrity, and security. In our architecture, a BC-based platform installed in the backend, used primarily for data storage and smart contract. In the frontend, the applications are running on a Tangle-based platform so that it fits IoT devices. The architecture, when implemented, will reap the advantages of both technologies while limiting the drawbacks of them. The main part of the proposed approach has been implemented and tested using a GPS data emulator connected to an IOTA node. The received data have been propagated and stored in the deployed BC and IOTA.
Hussein Hellani; Layth Sliman; Motaz Ben Hassine; Abed Ellatif Samhat; Ernesto Exposito; Mourad Kmimech. Tangle the Blockchain: Toward IOTA and Blockchain Integration for IoT Environment. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 2020, 429 -440.
AMA StyleHussein Hellani, Layth Sliman, Motaz Ben Hassine, Abed Ellatif Samhat, Ernesto Exposito, Mourad Kmimech. Tangle the Blockchain: Toward IOTA and Blockchain Integration for IoT Environment. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. 2020; ():429-440.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHussein Hellani; Layth Sliman; Motaz Ben Hassine; Abed Ellatif Samhat; Ernesto Exposito; Mourad Kmimech. 2020. "Tangle the Blockchain: Toward IOTA and Blockchain Integration for IoT Environment." Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing , no. : 429-440.