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Background: The benefits and timing of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) COVID-19 patients are still controversial. PDT is considered a high-risk procedure for the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to healthcare workers (HCWs). The present study analyzed the optimal timing of PDT, the clinical outcomes of patients undergoing PDT, and the safety of HCWs performing PDT. Methods: Of the 133 COVID-19 patients who underwent PDT in our ICU from 1 April 2020 to 31 March 2021, 13 patients were excluded, and 120 patients were enrolled. A trained medical team was dedicated to the PDT procedure. Demographic, clinical history, and outcome data were collected. Patients who underwent PDT were stratified into two groups: an early group (PDT ≤ 12 days after orotracheal intubation (OTI) and a late group (>12 days after OTI). An HCW surveillance program was also performed. Results: The early group included 61 patients and the late group included 59 patients. The early group patients had a shorter ICU length of stay and fewer days of mechanical ventilation than the late group (p< 0.001). On day 7 after tracheostomy, early group patients required fewer intravenous anesthetic drugs and experienced an improvement of the ventilation parameters PaO2/FiO2 ratio, PEEP, and FiO2 (p< 0.001). No difference in the case fatality ratio between the two groups was observed. No SARS-CoV-2 infections were reported in the HCWs performing the PDTs. Conclusions: PDT was safe and effective for COVID-19 patients since it improved respiratory support parameters, reduced ICU length of stay and duration of mechanical ventilation, and optimized the weaning process. The procedure was safe for all HCWs involved in the dedicated medical team. The development of standardized early PDT protocols should be implemented, and PDT could be considered a first-line approach in ICU COVID-19 patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation.
Nardi Tetaj; Micaela Maritti; Giulia Stazi; Maria Marini; Daniele Centanni; Gabriele Garotto; Ilaria Caravella; Cristina Dantimi; Matteo Fusetti; Carmen Santagata; Manuela Macchione; Giada De Angelis; Filippo Giansante; Donatella Busso; Rachele Di Lorenzo; Silvana Scarcia; Alessandro Carucci; Ricardo Cabas; Ilaria Gaviano; Nicola Petrosillo; Andrea Antinori; Fabrizio Palmieri; Gianpiero D’Offizi; Stefania Ianniello; Paolo Campioni; Francesco Pugliese; Francesco Vaia; Emanuele Nicastri; Giuseppe Ippolito; Luisa Marchioni; ICU COVID-19 Study Group. Outcomes and Timing of Bedside Percutaneous Tracheostomy of COVID-19 Patients over a Year in the Intensive Care Unit. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2021, 10, 3335 .
AMA StyleNardi Tetaj, Micaela Maritti, Giulia Stazi, Maria Marini, Daniele Centanni, Gabriele Garotto, Ilaria Caravella, Cristina Dantimi, Matteo Fusetti, Carmen Santagata, Manuela Macchione, Giada De Angelis, Filippo Giansante, Donatella Busso, Rachele Di Lorenzo, Silvana Scarcia, Alessandro Carucci, Ricardo Cabas, Ilaria Gaviano, Nicola Petrosillo, Andrea Antinori, Fabrizio Palmieri, Gianpiero D’Offizi, Stefania Ianniello, Paolo Campioni, Francesco Pugliese, Francesco Vaia, Emanuele Nicastri, Giuseppe Ippolito, Luisa Marchioni, ICU COVID-19 Study Group. Outcomes and Timing of Bedside Percutaneous Tracheostomy of COVID-19 Patients over a Year in the Intensive Care Unit. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10 (15):3335.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNardi Tetaj; Micaela Maritti; Giulia Stazi; Maria Marini; Daniele Centanni; Gabriele Garotto; Ilaria Caravella; Cristina Dantimi; Matteo Fusetti; Carmen Santagata; Manuela Macchione; Giada De Angelis; Filippo Giansante; Donatella Busso; Rachele Di Lorenzo; Silvana Scarcia; Alessandro Carucci; Ricardo Cabas; Ilaria Gaviano; Nicola Petrosillo; Andrea Antinori; Fabrizio Palmieri; Gianpiero D’Offizi; Stefania Ianniello; Paolo Campioni; Francesco Pugliese; Francesco Vaia; Emanuele Nicastri; Giuseppe Ippolito; Luisa Marchioni; ICU COVID-19 Study Group. 2021. "Outcomes and Timing of Bedside Percutaneous Tracheostomy of COVID-19 Patients over a Year in the Intensive Care Unit." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 15: 3335.
(1) Background: Benefits and timing of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) COVID-19 patients are still controversial. PDT is considered a high risk procedure for transmission of SARS CoV-2 to health care workers (HCWs). The present study analyzed optimal timing of PDT, clinical outcomes of patients undergoing PDT and safety of HCWs performing PDT. (2) Methods: 133 COVID-19 patients underwent PDT in our ICU from April 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021, 23 patients were excluded and 110 patients were enrolled. A trained medical team was dedicated to the PDT procedure. Demographic, clinical history and outcome data were collected. Patients who underwent PDT were stratified into two groups: early group, PDT ≤ 12 days from orotracheal-intubation (OTI) and late group, >12 days from OTI; HCW surveillance program was performed. (3) Results: Early group included 57 patients and late group included 53 patients. Early group patients showed shorter ICU length of stay and fewer days of mechanical ventilation than the late group (p<0.001). At day 7 after tracheostomy, early group patients required fewer intravenous anesthetic drugs and experienced an improvement of ventilation parameters, PaO2/FiO2-Ratio, PEEP and FiO2 (p<0.001). No difference in case fatality ratio between the two groups was reported. No SARS-CoV-2 infection was reported in HCWs performing PDT. (4) Conclusions: PDT was safe and effective for COVID-19 patients, since it improved respiratory support parameters, reduced ICU length of stay and duration of mechanical ventilation, and optimized the weaning process. The procedure was safe for all HCWs involved in the dedicated medical team. The development of standardized early PDT protocols should be implemented and PDT procedure could be considered as first line approach in ICU COVID-19 requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation.
Nardi Tetaj; Micaela Maritti; Giulia Stazi; Maria Cristina Marini; Daniele Centanni; Gabriele Garotto; Ilaria Caravella; Cristina Dantimi; Matteo Fusetti; Carmen Santagata; Manuela Macchione; Giada De Angelis; Filippo Giansante; Donatella Busso; Rachele Di Lorenzo; Silvana Scarcia; Alessandro Carucci; Ricardo Cabas; Ilaria Gaviano; Nicola Petrosillo; Andrea Antinori; Fabrizio Palmieri; Gianpiero D'Offizi; Stefania Ianniello; Paolo Campioni; Francesco Pugliese; Francesco Vaia; Emanuele Nicastri; Giuseppe Ippolito; Luisa Marchioni. Outcomes and Timing of Bedside Percutaneous Tracheostomy of COVID-19 Patients Over a Year in Intensive Care Unit. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleNardi Tetaj, Micaela Maritti, Giulia Stazi, Maria Cristina Marini, Daniele Centanni, Gabriele Garotto, Ilaria Caravella, Cristina Dantimi, Matteo Fusetti, Carmen Santagata, Manuela Macchione, Giada De Angelis, Filippo Giansante, Donatella Busso, Rachele Di Lorenzo, Silvana Scarcia, Alessandro Carucci, Ricardo Cabas, Ilaria Gaviano, Nicola Petrosillo, Andrea Antinori, Fabrizio Palmieri, Gianpiero D'Offizi, Stefania Ianniello, Paolo Campioni, Francesco Pugliese, Francesco Vaia, Emanuele Nicastri, Giuseppe Ippolito, Luisa Marchioni. Outcomes and Timing of Bedside Percutaneous Tracheostomy of COVID-19 Patients Over a Year in Intensive Care Unit. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNardi Tetaj; Micaela Maritti; Giulia Stazi; Maria Cristina Marini; Daniele Centanni; Gabriele Garotto; Ilaria Caravella; Cristina Dantimi; Matteo Fusetti; Carmen Santagata; Manuela Macchione; Giada De Angelis; Filippo Giansante; Donatella Busso; Rachele Di Lorenzo; Silvana Scarcia; Alessandro Carucci; Ricardo Cabas; Ilaria Gaviano; Nicola Petrosillo; Andrea Antinori; Fabrizio Palmieri; Gianpiero D'Offizi; Stefania Ianniello; Paolo Campioni; Francesco Pugliese; Francesco Vaia; Emanuele Nicastri; Giuseppe Ippolito; Luisa Marchioni. 2021. "Outcomes and Timing of Bedside Percutaneous Tracheostomy of COVID-19 Patients Over a Year in Intensive Care Unit." , no. : 1.
Objectives To investigate the association between sex hormones and the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Furthermore, associations between sex hormones and systemic inflammation markers, viral shedding and length of hospital stay were studied. Design and methods This case–control study included a total of 48 male patients with COVID-19 admitted to an Italian reference hospital. The 24 cases were patients with PaO2/FiO2 300 mmHg at all times and who may have required low-flow oxygen supplementation during hospitalization (mild COVID-19). For each group, sex hormones were evaluated on hospital admission. Results Patients with severe COVID-19 (cases) had a significantly lower testosterone level compared with patients with mild COVID-19 (controls). Median total testosterone (TT) was 1.4 ng/mL in cases and 3.5 ng/mL in controls (P = 0.005); median bioavailable testosterone (BioT) was 0.49 and 1.21 in cases and controls, respectively (P = 0.008); and median calculated free testosterone (cFT) was 0.029 ng/mL and 0.058 ng/mL in cases and controls, respectively (P = 0.015). Low TT, low cFT and low BioT were correlated with hyperinflammatory syndrome (P = 0.018, P = 0.048 and P = 0.020, respectively) and associated with longer length of hospital stay (P = 0.052, P = 0.041 and P = 0.023, respectively). No association was found between sex hormone level and duration of viral shedding, or between sex hormone level and mortality rate. Conclusions A low level of testosterone was found to be a marker of clinical severity of COVID-19.
Marta Camici; Paolo Zuppi; Patrizia Lorenzini; Liliana Scarnecchia; Carmela Pinnetti; Stefania Cicalini; Emanuele Nicastri; Nicola Petrosillo; Fabrizio Palmieri; Gianpiero D’Offizi; Luisa Marchioni; Roberta Gagliardini; Roberto Baldelli; Vincenzo Schininà; Elisa Pianura; Federica Di Stefano; Stefano Curcio; Lucia Ciavarella; Giuseppe Ippolito; Enrico Girardi; Francesco Vaia; Andrea Antinori. Role of testosterone in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A key pathogenic factor and a biomarker for severe pneumonia. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2021, 108, 244 -251.
AMA StyleMarta Camici, Paolo Zuppi, Patrizia Lorenzini, Liliana Scarnecchia, Carmela Pinnetti, Stefania Cicalini, Emanuele Nicastri, Nicola Petrosillo, Fabrizio Palmieri, Gianpiero D’Offizi, Luisa Marchioni, Roberta Gagliardini, Roberto Baldelli, Vincenzo Schininà, Elisa Pianura, Federica Di Stefano, Stefano Curcio, Lucia Ciavarella, Giuseppe Ippolito, Enrico Girardi, Francesco Vaia, Andrea Antinori. Role of testosterone in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A key pathogenic factor and a biomarker for severe pneumonia. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2021; 108 ():244-251.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarta Camici; Paolo Zuppi; Patrizia Lorenzini; Liliana Scarnecchia; Carmela Pinnetti; Stefania Cicalini; Emanuele Nicastri; Nicola Petrosillo; Fabrizio Palmieri; Gianpiero D’Offizi; Luisa Marchioni; Roberta Gagliardini; Roberto Baldelli; Vincenzo Schininà; Elisa Pianura; Federica Di Stefano; Stefano Curcio; Lucia Ciavarella; Giuseppe Ippolito; Enrico Girardi; Francesco Vaia; Andrea Antinori. 2021. "Role of testosterone in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A key pathogenic factor and a biomarker for severe pneumonia." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 108, no. : 244-251.
The impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, continues to be widespread, with more than 100 million cases diagnosed in more than 220 countries since the virus was first identified in January 2020. Although patients with mild to moderate forms of COVID-19 could be efficiently managed at home, thus reducing the pressure on the healthcare system and minimizing socio-psychological impact on patients, no trial has been proposed, conducted, or even published on COVID-19 home therapy to date. These expert opinions provide indications on the therapeutical at home management of COVID-19 patients, based on the evidence from the literature and on current guidelines.
Davide Donno; Ignazio Grattagliano; Alessandro Rossi; Pierangelo Lora Aprile; Gerardo Medea; Erik Lagolio; Guido Granata; Nicola Petrosillo; Claudio Cricelli. How to Treat COVID-19 Patients at Home in the Italian Context: An Expert Opinion. Infectious Disease Reports 2021, 13, 251 -258.
AMA StyleDavide Donno, Ignazio Grattagliano, Alessandro Rossi, Pierangelo Lora Aprile, Gerardo Medea, Erik Lagolio, Guido Granata, Nicola Petrosillo, Claudio Cricelli. How to Treat COVID-19 Patients at Home in the Italian Context: An Expert Opinion. Infectious Disease Reports. 2021; 13 (1):251-258.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavide Donno; Ignazio Grattagliano; Alessandro Rossi; Pierangelo Lora Aprile; Gerardo Medea; Erik Lagolio; Guido Granata; Nicola Petrosillo; Claudio Cricelli. 2021. "How to Treat COVID-19 Patients at Home in the Italian Context: An Expert Opinion." Infectious Disease Reports 13, no. 1: 251-258.
Background: Limited and wide-ranging data are available on the recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI) incidence rate. Methods: We performed a cohort study with the aim to assess the incidence of and risk factors for rCDI. Adult patients with a first CDI, hospitalized in 15 Italian hospitals, were prospectively included and followed-up for 30 d after the end of antimicrobial treatment for their first CDI. A case–control study was performed to identify risk factors associated with 30-day onset rCDI. Results: Three hundred nine patients with a first CDI were included in the study; 32% of the CDI episodes (99/309) were severe/complicated; complete follow-up was available for 288 patients (19 died during the first CDI episode, and 2 were lost during follow-up). At the end of the study, the crude all-cause mortality rate was 10.7% (33 deaths/309 patients). Two hundred seventy-one patients completed the follow-up; rCDI occurred in 21% of patients (56/271) with an incidence rate of 72/10,000 patient-days. Logistic regression analysis identified exposure to cephalosporin as an independent risk factor associated with rCDI (RR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.1–2.7, p = 0.03). Conclusion: Our study confirms the relevance of rCDI in terms of morbidity and mortality and provides a reliable estimation of its incidence.
Guido Granata; Nicola Petrosillo; Lucia Adamoli; Michele Bartoletti; Alessandro Bartoloni; Gregorio Basile; Matteo Bassetti; Paolo Bonfanti; Raffaella Borromeo; Giancarlo Ceccarelli; Anna De Luca; Stefano Di Bella; Sara Fossati; Erica Franceschini; Ivan Gentile; Daniele Giacobbe; Enrica Giacometti; Fabrizio Ingrassia; Filippo Lagi; Giambattista Lobreglio; Andrea Lombardi; Laura Lupo; Roberto Luzzati; Alberto Maraolo; Malgorzata Mikulska; Mario Mondelli; Alessandra Mularoni; Cristina Mussini; Alessandra Oliva; Alessandro Pandolfo; Carlotta Rogati; Filippo Trapani; Mario Venditti; Pierluigi Viale; Emanuela Caraffa; Maria Cataldo; on behalf of the ReCloDi (Recurrence of Clostridioides difficile Infection) Study Group. Prospective Study on Incidence, Risk Factors and Outcome of Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infections. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2021, 10, 1127 .
AMA StyleGuido Granata, Nicola Petrosillo, Lucia Adamoli, Michele Bartoletti, Alessandro Bartoloni, Gregorio Basile, Matteo Bassetti, Paolo Bonfanti, Raffaella Borromeo, Giancarlo Ceccarelli, Anna De Luca, Stefano Di Bella, Sara Fossati, Erica Franceschini, Ivan Gentile, Daniele Giacobbe, Enrica Giacometti, Fabrizio Ingrassia, Filippo Lagi, Giambattista Lobreglio, Andrea Lombardi, Laura Lupo, Roberto Luzzati, Alberto Maraolo, Malgorzata Mikulska, Mario Mondelli, Alessandra Mularoni, Cristina Mussini, Alessandra Oliva, Alessandro Pandolfo, Carlotta Rogati, Filippo Trapani, Mario Venditti, Pierluigi Viale, Emanuela Caraffa, Maria Cataldo, on behalf of the ReCloDi (Recurrence of Clostridioides difficile Infection) Study Group. Prospective Study on Incidence, Risk Factors and Outcome of Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infections. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10 (5):1127.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuido Granata; Nicola Petrosillo; Lucia Adamoli; Michele Bartoletti; Alessandro Bartoloni; Gregorio Basile; Matteo Bassetti; Paolo Bonfanti; Raffaella Borromeo; Giancarlo Ceccarelli; Anna De Luca; Stefano Di Bella; Sara Fossati; Erica Franceschini; Ivan Gentile; Daniele Giacobbe; Enrica Giacometti; Fabrizio Ingrassia; Filippo Lagi; Giambattista Lobreglio; Andrea Lombardi; Laura Lupo; Roberto Luzzati; Alberto Maraolo; Malgorzata Mikulska; Mario Mondelli; Alessandra Mularoni; Cristina Mussini; Alessandra Oliva; Alessandro Pandolfo; Carlotta Rogati; Filippo Trapani; Mario Venditti; Pierluigi Viale; Emanuela Caraffa; Maria Cataldo; on behalf of the ReCloDi (Recurrence of Clostridioides difficile Infection) Study Group. 2021. "Prospective Study on Incidence, Risk Factors and Outcome of Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infections." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 5: 1127.
Paramount efforts worldwide are seeking to increase understanding of the basic virology of SARS-CoV-2, characterize the spectrum of complications associated with COVID-19, and develop vaccines that can protect from new and recurrent infections with SARS-CoV-2. While we continue learning about this new virus, it is clear that 1) the virus is spread via the respiratory route, primarily by droplets and contact with contaminated surfaces and fomites, as well as by aerosol formation during invasive respiratory procedures; 2) the airborne route is still controversial; and 3) that those infected can spread the virus without necessarily developing COVID-19 (ie, asymptomatic). With the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections increasing globally, the possibility of co-infections and/or co-morbidities is becoming more concerning. Co-infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one such example of polyparasitism of interest. This military-themed comparative review of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV details their virology and describes them figuratively as separate enemy armies. HIV, an old enemy dug into trenches in individuals already infected, and SARS-CoV-2 the new army, attempting to attack and capture territories, tissues and organs, in order to provide resources for their expansion. This analogy serves to aid in discussion of three main areas of focus and draw attention to how these viruses may cooperate to gain the upper hand in securing a host. Here we compare their target, the key receptors found on those tissues, viral lifecycles and tactics for immune response surveillance. The last focus is on the immune response to infection, addressing similarities in cytokines released. While the majority of HIV cases can be successfully managed with antiretroviral therapy nowadays, treatments for SARS-CoV-2 are still undergoing research given the novelty of this army.
Nicholas Evans; Edgar Martinez; Nicola Petrosillo; Jacob Nichols; Ebtesam Islam; Kevin Pruitt; Sharilyn Almodovar. SARS-CoV-2 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Pathogen Pincer Attack. HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care 2021, ume 13, 361 -375.
AMA StyleNicholas Evans, Edgar Martinez, Nicola Petrosillo, Jacob Nichols, Ebtesam Islam, Kevin Pruitt, Sharilyn Almodovar. SARS-CoV-2 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Pathogen Pincer Attack. HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care. 2021; ume 13 ():361-375.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicholas Evans; Edgar Martinez; Nicola Petrosillo; Jacob Nichols; Ebtesam Islam; Kevin Pruitt; Sharilyn Almodovar. 2021. "SARS-CoV-2 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Pathogen Pincer Attack." HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care ume 13, no. : 361-375.
Clostridioides difficile (CD) continues to be the number one health care-associated infectious pathogen in the United States
Nicola Petrosillo; Maria Adriana Cataldo. Clostridioides difficile Infection: A Room for Multifaceted Interventions. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2020, 9, 4114 .
AMA StyleNicola Petrosillo, Maria Adriana Cataldo. Clostridioides difficile Infection: A Room for Multifaceted Interventions. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9 (12):4114.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicola Petrosillo; Maria Adriana Cataldo. 2020. "Clostridioides difficile Infection: A Room for Multifaceted Interventions." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 12: 4114.
The first two decades of the New Millenium have faced several and threatening problems in healthcare
Nicola Petrosillo. Introducing Infectious Disease Reports: Past, Present and Future. Infectious Disease Reports 2020, 12, 132 -133.
AMA StyleNicola Petrosillo. Introducing Infectious Disease Reports: Past, Present and Future. Infectious Disease Reports. 2020; 12 (3):132-133.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicola Petrosillo. 2020. "Introducing Infectious Disease Reports: Past, Present and Future." Infectious Disease Reports 12, no. 3: 132-133.
Summary Background Carbapenem resistance in Gram-negative bacteria is associated with severe infections in the hospital setting. No uniform screening policy or agreed set of criteria exists within the EU to inform treatment decisions for infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Aim To develop a range of consensus statements to survey experts in carbapenem resistance, to identify potential similarities and differences across the EU and across specialties. Methods The survey contained 43 statements, covering six key topics relating to carbapenem-resistant organisms: microbiological screening; diagnosis; infection control implementation; antibiotic stewardship; use of resources; and influencing policy. Findings In total, 136 survey responses were received (66% infectious disease specialists, 18% microbiologists, 11% intensive care specialists, 4% other/unknown) from France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, and the UK. High, or very high, levels of agreement were seen for all 43 consensus statements, indicating good alignment concerning early identification and optimal management of infection due to carbapenem-resistant organisms. Conclusion We offer the following recommendations: (1) screening is required when a patient may have been exposed to the healthcare system in countries/hospitals where carbapenem-resistant organisms are endemic; (2) rapid diagnostic tools should be available in every institution; (3) all institutions should have a specific policy for the control of carbapenem-resistant organisms, which is routinely audited; (4) clear strategies are required to define both appropriate and inappropriate use of carbapenems; (5) priority funding should be allocated to the management of infections due to carbapenem-resistant organisms; and (6) international co-operation is required to reduce country-to-country transmission of carbapenem-resistant organisms.
J.P. Bedos; G. Daikos; A.R. Dodgson; A. Pan; N. Petrosillo; H. Seifert; J. Vila; R. Ferrer; P. Wilson. Early identification and optimal management of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative infection. Journal of Hospital Infection 2020, 108, 158 -167.
AMA StyleJ.P. Bedos, G. Daikos, A.R. Dodgson, A. Pan, N. Petrosillo, H. Seifert, J. Vila, R. Ferrer, P. Wilson. Early identification and optimal management of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative infection. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2020; 108 ():158-167.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ.P. Bedos; G. Daikos; A.R. Dodgson; A. Pan; N. Petrosillo; H. Seifert; J. Vila; R. Ferrer; P. Wilson. 2020. "Early identification and optimal management of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative infection." Journal of Hospital Infection 108, no. : 158-167.
Data on the burden of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients are scant. We conducted an observational, retrospective, multicenter, 1:3 case (COVID-19 patients with CDI)-control (COVID-19 patients without CDI) study in Italy to assess incidence and outcomes, and to identify risk factors for CDI in COVID-19 patients. From February through July 2020, 8402 COVID-19 patients were admitted to eight Italian hospitals; 38 CDI cases were identified, including 32 hospital-onset-CDI (HO-CDI) and 6 community-onset, healthcare-associated-CDI (CO-HCA-CDI). HO-CDI incidence was 4.4 × 10,000 patient-days. The percentage of cases recovering without complications at discharge (i.e., pressure ulcers, chronic heart decompensation) was lower than among controls (p = 0.01); in-hospital stays was longer among cases, 35.0 versus 19.4 days (p = 0.0007). The presence of a previous hospitalisation (p = 0.001), previous steroid administration (p = 0.008) and the administration of antibiotics during the stay (p = 0.004) were risk factors associated with CDI. In conclusions, CDI complicates COVID-19, mainly in patients with co-morbidities and previous healthcare exposures. Its association with antibiotic usage and hospital acquired bacterial infections should lead to strengthen antimicrobial stewardship programmes and infection prevention and control activities.
Guido Granata; Alessandro Bartoloni; Mauro Codeluppi; Ilaria Contadini; Francesco Cristini; Massimo Fantoni; Alice Ferraresi; Chiara Fornabaio; Sara Grasselli; Filippo Lagi; Luca Masucci; Massimo Puoti; Alessandro Raimondi; Eleonora Taddei; Filippo Trapani; Pierluigi Viale; Stuart Johnson; Nicola Petrosillo; on behalf of the CloVid Study Group. The Burden of Clostridioides Difficile Infection during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Case-Control Study in Italian Hospitals (CloVid). Journal of Clinical Medicine 2020, 9, 3855 .
AMA StyleGuido Granata, Alessandro Bartoloni, Mauro Codeluppi, Ilaria Contadini, Francesco Cristini, Massimo Fantoni, Alice Ferraresi, Chiara Fornabaio, Sara Grasselli, Filippo Lagi, Luca Masucci, Massimo Puoti, Alessandro Raimondi, Eleonora Taddei, Filippo Trapani, Pierluigi Viale, Stuart Johnson, Nicola Petrosillo, on behalf of the CloVid Study Group. The Burden of Clostridioides Difficile Infection during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Case-Control Study in Italian Hospitals (CloVid). Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9 (12):3855.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuido Granata; Alessandro Bartoloni; Mauro Codeluppi; Ilaria Contadini; Francesco Cristini; Massimo Fantoni; Alice Ferraresi; Chiara Fornabaio; Sara Grasselli; Filippo Lagi; Luca Masucci; Massimo Puoti; Alessandro Raimondi; Eleonora Taddei; Filippo Trapani; Pierluigi Viale; Stuart Johnson; Nicola Petrosillo; on behalf of the CloVid Study Group. 2020. "The Burden of Clostridioides Difficile Infection during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Case-Control Study in Italian Hospitals (CloVid)." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 12: 3855.
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.
Franca del Nonno; Andrea Frustaci; Romina Verardo; Cristina Chimenti; Emanuele Nicastri; Andrea Antinori; Nicola Petrosillo; Eleonora Lalle; Chiara Agrati; Giuseppe Ippolito; and on behalf of the INMI COVID study group. Virus-Negative Myopericarditis in Human Coronavirus Infection. Circulation: Heart Failure 2020, 13, e007636 -e007636.
AMA StyleFranca del Nonno, Andrea Frustaci, Romina Verardo, Cristina Chimenti, Emanuele Nicastri, Andrea Antinori, Nicola Petrosillo, Eleonora Lalle, Chiara Agrati, Giuseppe Ippolito, and on behalf of the INMI COVID study group. Virus-Negative Myopericarditis in Human Coronavirus Infection. Circulation: Heart Failure. 2020; 13 (11):e007636-e007636.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFranca del Nonno; Andrea Frustaci; Romina Verardo; Cristina Chimenti; Emanuele Nicastri; Andrea Antinori; Nicola Petrosillo; Eleonora Lalle; Chiara Agrati; Giuseppe Ippolito; and on behalf of the INMI COVID study group. 2020. "Virus-Negative Myopericarditis in Human Coronavirus Infection." Circulation: Heart Failure 13, no. 11: e007636-e007636.
Background: RT-PCR on nasopharyngeal (NPS)/oropharyngeal swabs is the gold standard for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and viral load monitoring. Oral fluid (OF) is an alternate clinical sample, easy and safer to collect and could be useful for COVID-19 diagnosis, monitoring viral load and shedding. Methods: Optimal assay conditions and analytical sensitivity were established for the commercial Simplexa™ COVID-19 Direct assay adapted to OF matrix. The assay was used to test 337 OF and NPS specimens collected in parallel from 164 hospitalized patients; 50 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens from a subgroup of severe COVID-19 cases were also analysed. Results: Using Simplexa™ COVID-19 Direct on OF matrix, 100% analytical detection down to 1 TCID50/mL (corresponding to 4 × 103 copies (cp)/mL) was observed. No crossreaction with other viruses transmitted through the respiratory toute was observed. Parallel testing of 337 OF and NPS samples showed highly concordant results (κ = 0.831; 95 % CI = 0.771–0.891), and high correlation of Ct values (r = 0.921; p < 0.0001). High concordance and elevated correlation was observed also between OF and BAL. Prolonged viral RNA shedding was observed up to 100 days from symptoms onset (DSO), with 32% and 29% positivity observed in OF and NPS samples, respectively, collected between 60 and 100 DSO. Conclusions: Simplexa™ COVID-19 Direct assays on OF have high sensitivity and specificity to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA and provide an alternative to NPS for diagnosis and monitoring SARS-CoV-2 shedding.
Licia Bordi; Giuseppe Sberna; Eleonora Lalle; Pierluca Piselli; Francesca Colavita; Emanuele Nicastri; Andrea Antinori; Evangelo Boumis; Nicola Petrosillo; Luisa Marchioni; Giulia Minnucci; Elena D’Agostini; Concetta Castilletti; Franco Locatelli; Alimuddin Zumla; Giuseppe Ippolito; Maria Capobianchi; on behalf of INMI ReCOVeRI Study Group. Frequency and Duration of SARS-CoV-2 Shedding in Oral Fluid Samples Assessed by a Modified Commercial Rapid Molecular Assay. Viruses 2020, 12, 1184 .
AMA StyleLicia Bordi, Giuseppe Sberna, Eleonora Lalle, Pierluca Piselli, Francesca Colavita, Emanuele Nicastri, Andrea Antinori, Evangelo Boumis, Nicola Petrosillo, Luisa Marchioni, Giulia Minnucci, Elena D’Agostini, Concetta Castilletti, Franco Locatelli, Alimuddin Zumla, Giuseppe Ippolito, Maria Capobianchi, on behalf of INMI ReCOVeRI Study Group. Frequency and Duration of SARS-CoV-2 Shedding in Oral Fluid Samples Assessed by a Modified Commercial Rapid Molecular Assay. Viruses. 2020; 12 (10):1184.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLicia Bordi; Giuseppe Sberna; Eleonora Lalle; Pierluca Piselli; Francesca Colavita; Emanuele Nicastri; Andrea Antinori; Evangelo Boumis; Nicola Petrosillo; Luisa Marchioni; Giulia Minnucci; Elena D’Agostini; Concetta Castilletti; Franco Locatelli; Alimuddin Zumla; Giuseppe Ippolito; Maria Capobianchi; on behalf of INMI ReCOVeRI Study Group. 2020. "Frequency and Duration of SARS-CoV-2 Shedding in Oral Fluid Samples Assessed by a Modified Commercial Rapid Molecular Assay." Viruses 12, no. 10: 1184.
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Hessarek (Salmonella Hessarek) is considered a serovar with high host specificity and is an uncommon cause of disease in humans; no cases of S. Hessarek bacteremia have been reported in humans to date. On 16 July 2019, a young male presented abdominal pain, vomit, diarrhea, and fever up to 41 °C, a few hours after a kebab meal containing goat meat; he went to the Emergency Room, where a Film Array® GI Panel (BioFire, Biomerieux Company, Marcy-L´Étoile, France) was performed on his feces and results were positive for Salmonella. The culture of the feces was negative, but the blood culture was positive for Salmonella spp., which was identified as Salmonella Hessarek by seroagglutination assays. The patient was treated with ceftriaxone 2 g intravenously qd for 8 days; he was discharged in good general conditions, and ciprofloxacin 500 mg per os bid for 7 more days was prescribed, after exclusion of endocarditis and of clinical signs of complicated bacteremia. This case of Salmonella Hessarek gastroenteritis with bacteremia is probably the first case of bloodstream human infection due to this agent ever described. Further studies are needed to ascertain the global burden of S. Hessarek disease in humans.
Pierangelo Chinello; Guido Granata; Vincenzo Galati; Fabrizio Taglietti; Simone Topino; Emanuela Caraffa; Carolina Venditti; Nazario Bevilacqua; Lucilla Sbardella; Stefano Bilei; Nicola Petrosillo. Salmonella Hessarek Gastroenteritis with Bacteremia: A Case Report and Literature Review. Pathogens 2020, 9, 656 .
AMA StylePierangelo Chinello, Guido Granata, Vincenzo Galati, Fabrizio Taglietti, Simone Topino, Emanuela Caraffa, Carolina Venditti, Nazario Bevilacqua, Lucilla Sbardella, Stefano Bilei, Nicola Petrosillo. Salmonella Hessarek Gastroenteritis with Bacteremia: A Case Report and Literature Review. Pathogens. 2020; 9 (8):656.
Chicago/Turabian StylePierangelo Chinello; Guido Granata; Vincenzo Galati; Fabrizio Taglietti; Simone Topino; Emanuela Caraffa; Carolina Venditti; Nazario Bevilacqua; Lucilla Sbardella; Stefano Bilei; Nicola Petrosillo. 2020. "Salmonella Hessarek Gastroenteritis with Bacteremia: A Case Report and Literature Review." Pathogens 9, no. 8: 656.
Diagnosing a peri-prosthetic joint infection (PJI) remains challenging despite the availability of a variety of clinical signs, serum and synovial markers, imaging techniques, microbiological and histological findings. Moreover, the one and only true definition of PJI does not exist, which is reflected by the existence of at least six different definitions by independent societies. These definitions are composed of major and minor criteria for defining a PJI, but most of them do not include imaging techniques. This paper highlights the pros and cons of available imaging techniques—X-ray, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), bone scintigraphy, white blood cell scintigraphy (WBC), anti-granulocyte scintigraphy, and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT), discusses the added value of hybrid camera systems—single photon emission tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT), PET/CT and PET/MRI and reports consensus answers on important clinical questions that were discussed during the Third European Congress on Inflammation/Infection Imaging in Rome, December 2019.
Carlo Luca Romanò; Nicola Petrosillo; Giuseppe Argento; Luca Maria Sconfienza; Giorgio Treglia; Abass Alavi; Andor W.J.M. Glaudemans; Olivier Gheysens; Alex Maes; Chiara Lauri; Christopher J. Palestro; Alberto Signore. The Role of Imaging Techniques to Define a Peri-Prosthetic Hip and Knee Joint Infection: Multidisciplinary Consensus Statements. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2020, 9, 2548 .
AMA StyleCarlo Luca Romanò, Nicola Petrosillo, Giuseppe Argento, Luca Maria Sconfienza, Giorgio Treglia, Abass Alavi, Andor W.J.M. Glaudemans, Olivier Gheysens, Alex Maes, Chiara Lauri, Christopher J. Palestro, Alberto Signore. The Role of Imaging Techniques to Define a Peri-Prosthetic Hip and Knee Joint Infection: Multidisciplinary Consensus Statements. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9 (8):2548.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlo Luca Romanò; Nicola Petrosillo; Giuseppe Argento; Luca Maria Sconfienza; Giorgio Treglia; Abass Alavi; Andor W.J.M. Glaudemans; Olivier Gheysens; Alex Maes; Chiara Lauri; Christopher J. Palestro; Alberto Signore. 2020. "The Role of Imaging Techniques to Define a Peri-Prosthetic Hip and Knee Joint Infection: Multidisciplinary Consensus Statements." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 8: 2548.
There is a lack of consensus regarding management of infections with carbapenem- resistant Gram-negative (CR-GN) pathogens. This study comprised a medical chart review to assess patient management in a high CR prevalence setting. Data was collated retrospectively from medical records of patients hospitalized between November 1st, 2015 and October 31st, 2016. Of 29 patients, 66% had respiratory tract infections. Median duration of hospitalization was 28 days and ~50% of patients were admitted to the intensive care unit, with 77% remaining for >2 weeks. Median time to obtain respiratory culture results was 5 days. Isolation of patients with diagnosed CR-GN infection took ≥5 days in >50% of patients. A majority (76%) of patients received ≥1 antibiotic before providing a specimen for culture; a total of 17 antibiotic treatments were used. Overall, 72% of patients, and 68% of those with respiratory infections, were discharged alive; 38% were discharged without further antibiotics. The difficulties in achieving effective management in patients with CR-GN infections are largely due to complex co-morbidities, a history of prior antibiotic treatment, and multiple referrals across health care facilities.
Guido Granata; Davide Manissero; Maria Vittoria Oppia; Keiko Tone; Bin Cai; Christopher Longshaw; Carolina Venditti; Nicola Petrosillo. Insights into the Clinical Management of Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Infections: An Italian Retrospective Clinical Chart Review. Infectious Disease Reports 2020, 12, 28 -31.
AMA StyleGuido Granata, Davide Manissero, Maria Vittoria Oppia, Keiko Tone, Bin Cai, Christopher Longshaw, Carolina Venditti, Nicola Petrosillo. Insights into the Clinical Management of Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Infections: An Italian Retrospective Clinical Chart Review. Infectious Disease Reports. 2020; 12 (2):28-31.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuido Granata; Davide Manissero; Maria Vittoria Oppia; Keiko Tone; Bin Cai; Christopher Longshaw; Carolina Venditti; Nicola Petrosillo. 2020. "Insights into the Clinical Management of Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Infections: An Italian Retrospective Clinical Chart Review." Infectious Disease Reports 12, no. 2: 28-31.
The viral infection by SARS-CoV-2 has irrevocably altered the life of the majority of human beings, challenging national health systems worldwide, and pushing researchers to rapidly find adequate preventive and treatment strategies. No therapies have been shown effective with the exception of dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid that was recently proved to be the first life-saving drug in this disease. Remarkably, around 20 % of infected people develop a severe form of COVID-19, giving rise to respiratory and multi-organ failures requiring subintensive and intensive care interventions. This phenomenon is due to an excessive immune response that damages pulmonary alveoli, leading to a cytokine and chemokine storm with systemic effects. Indeed glucocorticoids’ role in regulating this immune response is controversial, and they have been used in clinical practice in a variety of countries, even without a previous clear consensus on their evidence-based benefit.
Cinzia Solinas; Laura Perra; Marco Aiello; Edoardo Migliori; Nicola Petrosillo. A critical evaluation of glucocorticoids in the management of severe COVID-19. Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews 2020, 54, 8 -23.
AMA StyleCinzia Solinas, Laura Perra, Marco Aiello, Edoardo Migliori, Nicola Petrosillo. A critical evaluation of glucocorticoids in the management of severe COVID-19. Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews. 2020; 54 ():8-23.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCinzia Solinas; Laura Perra; Marco Aiello; Edoardo Migliori; Nicola Petrosillo. 2020. "A critical evaluation of glucocorticoids in the management of severe COVID-19." Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews 54, no. : 8-23.
After the rapid spread of coronavirus-19 infectious disease (COVID-19) worldwide between February and April 2020, with a total of 5,267,419 confirmed cases and 341,155 deaths as of May 25, 2020, in the last weeks we are observing a decrease in new infections in European countries, and the confirmed cases are not as severe as in the past, so much so that the number of patients transferred to intensive care for the worsening of the systemic and pulmonary disease is dramatically decreasing.
Nicola Petrosillo. SARS-CoV-2, “Common Cold” Coronaviruses’ Cross-Reactivity and “Herd Immunity”: The Razor of Ockham (1285-1347)? Infectious Disease Reports 2020, 12, 22 -23.
AMA StyleNicola Petrosillo. SARS-CoV-2, “Common Cold” Coronaviruses’ Cross-Reactivity and “Herd Immunity”: The Razor of Ockham (1285-1347)? Infectious Disease Reports. 2020; 12 (2):22-23.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicola Petrosillo. 2020. "SARS-CoV-2, “Common Cold” Coronaviruses’ Cross-Reactivity and “Herd Immunity”: The Razor of Ockham (1285-1347)?" Infectious Disease Reports 12, no. 2: 22-23.
As of May 17th 2020, the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused 307,395 deaths worldwide, out of 3,917,366 cases reported to the World Health Organization. No specific treatments for reducing mortality or morbidity are yet available. Deaths from COVID-19 will continue to rise globally until effective and appropriate treatments and/or vaccines are found. In search of effective treatments, the global medical, scientific, pharma and funding communities have rapidly initiated over 500 COVID-19 clinical trials on a range of antiviral drug regimens and repurposed drugs in various combinations. A paradigm shift is underway from the current focus of drug development targeting the pathogen, to advancing cellular Host-Directed Therapies (HDTs) for tackling the aberrant host immune and inflammatory responses which underlie the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and high COVID-19 mortality rates. We focus this editorial specifically on the background to, and the rationale for, the use and evaluation of mesenchymal stromal (Stem) cells (MSCs) in treatment trials of patients with severe COVID-19 disease. Currently, the ClinicalTrials.gov and the WHO Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP) report a combined 28 trials exploring the potential of MSCs or their products for treatment of COVID-19. MSCs should also be trialed for treatment of other circulating WHO priority Blueprint pathogens such as MERS-CoV which causes upto 34% mortality rates. It's about time funding agencies invested more into development MSCs per se, and also for a range of other HDTs, in combination with other therapeutic interventions. MSC therapy could turn out to be an important contribution to bringing an end to the high COVID-19 death rates and preventing long-term functional disability in those who survive disease.
Alimuddin Zumla; Fu-Sheng Wang; Giuseppe Ippolito; Nicola Petrosillo; Chiara Agrati; Esam I. Azhar; Chao Chang; Sherif A. El-Kafrawy; Mohamed Osman; Laurence Zitvogel; Peter R. Galle; Franco Locatelli; Ellen Gorman; Carlos Cordon-Cardo; Cecilia O’Kane; Danny McAuley; Markus Maeurer. Reducing mortality and morbidity in patients with severe COVID-19 disease by advancing ongoing trials of Mesenchymal Stromal (stem) Cell (MSC) therapy — Achieving global consensus and visibility for cellular host-directed therapies. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020, 96, 431 -439.
AMA StyleAlimuddin Zumla, Fu-Sheng Wang, Giuseppe Ippolito, Nicola Petrosillo, Chiara Agrati, Esam I. Azhar, Chao Chang, Sherif A. El-Kafrawy, Mohamed Osman, Laurence Zitvogel, Peter R. Galle, Franco Locatelli, Ellen Gorman, Carlos Cordon-Cardo, Cecilia O’Kane, Danny McAuley, Markus Maeurer. Reducing mortality and morbidity in patients with severe COVID-19 disease by advancing ongoing trials of Mesenchymal Stromal (stem) Cell (MSC) therapy — Achieving global consensus and visibility for cellular host-directed therapies. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2020; 96 ():431-439.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlimuddin Zumla; Fu-Sheng Wang; Giuseppe Ippolito; Nicola Petrosillo; Chiara Agrati; Esam I. Azhar; Chao Chang; Sherif A. El-Kafrawy; Mohamed Osman; Laurence Zitvogel; Peter R. Galle; Franco Locatelli; Ellen Gorman; Carlos Cordon-Cardo; Cecilia O’Kane; Danny McAuley; Markus Maeurer. 2020. "Reducing mortality and morbidity in patients with severe COVID-19 disease by advancing ongoing trials of Mesenchymal Stromal (stem) Cell (MSC) therapy — Achieving global consensus and visibility for cellular host-directed therapies." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 96, no. : 431-439.
Background The 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is a new human coronavirus which is spreading with epidemic features in China and other Asian countries; cases have also been reported worldwide. This novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is associated with a respiratory illness that may lead to severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although related to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19 shows some peculiar pathogenetic, epidemiological and clinical features which to date are not completely understood. Aims To provide a review of the differences in pathogenesis, epidemiology and clinical features of COVID-19, SARS and MERS. Sources The most recent literature in the English language regarding COVID-19 has been reviewed, and extracted data have been compared with the current scientific evidence about SARS and MERS epidemics. Content COVID-19 seems not to be very different from SARS regarding its clinical features. However, it has a fatality rate of 2.3%, lower than that of SARS (9.5%) and much lower than that of MERS (34.4%). The possibility cannot be excluded that because of the less severe clinical picture of COVID-19 it can spread in the community more easily than MERS and SARS. The actual basic reproductive number (R0) of COVID-19 (2.0–2.5) is still controversial. It is probably slightly higher than the R0 of SARS (1.7–1.9) and higher than that of MERS (<1). A gastrointestinal route of transmission for SARS-CoV-2, which has been assumed for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, cannot be ruled out and needs further investigation. Implications There is still much more to know about COVID-19, especially as concerns mortality and its capacity to spread on a pandemic level. Nonetheless, all of the lessons we learned in the past from the SARS and MERS epidemics are the best cultural weapons with which to face this new global threat.
N. Petrosillo; G. Viceconte; O. Ergonul; G. Ippolito; E. Petersen. COVID-19, SARS and MERS: are they closely related? Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2020, 26, 729 -734.
AMA StyleN. Petrosillo, G. Viceconte, O. Ergonul, G. Ippolito, E. Petersen. COVID-19, SARS and MERS: are they closely related? Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2020; 26 (6):729-734.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN. Petrosillo; G. Viceconte; O. Ergonul; G. Ippolito; E. Petersen. 2020. "COVID-19, SARS and MERS: are they closely related?" Clinical Microbiology and Infection 26, no. 6: 729-734.
On January 9th, 2020, the “World Health Organization” (WHO) declared the identification, by Chinese Health authorities, of a novel coronavirus, further classified as SARS-CoV-2 responsible of a diseases (COVID-19) ranging from asymptomatic cases to severe respiratory involvement. On March 9th, 2020, WHO declared COVID-19 a global pandemic. Italy is the second most affected country by COVID-19 infection after China. The “L. Spallanzani” National Institute for the Infectious Diseases, IRCCS has been the first Italian hospital to admit and manage patients affected by COVID-19. Hereby, we show our recommendations for the management of COVID-19 patients, based on very limited clinical evidences; these recomendations should be considered as expert opinions, which may be modified according to newly produced literature data. *for the INMI COVID-19 Treatment Group – ICOTREG Abdeddaim A, Agrati C, Albarello F, Antinori A, Ascoli Bartoli T, Baldini F, Bellagamba R, Bevilacqua N, Bibas M, Biava G, Boumis E, Busso D, Camici M, Capobianchi MR, Capone A, Caravella I, Cataldo A, Cerilli S, Chinello G, Cicalini S, Corpolongo A, Cristofaro M, D’Abramo A, Dantimi C, De Angelis G, De Palo MG, D’Offizi G, De Zottis F, Di Lorenzo R, Di Stefano F, Fusetti M, Galati V, Gagliardini R, Garotto G, Gebremeskel Tekle Saba, Giancola ML, Giansante F, Girardi E, Goletti D, Granata G, Greci MC, Grilli E, Grisetti S, Gualano G, Iacomi F, Iannicelli G, Ippolito G, Lepore L, Libertone R, Lionetti R, Liuzzi G, Loiacono L, Macchione M, Marchioni L, Mariano A, Marini MC, Maritti M, Mastrobattista A, Mazzotta V, Mencarini P, Migliorisi-Ramazzini P, Mondi A, Montalbano M, Mosti S, Murachelli S, Musso M, Nicastri E, Noto P, Oliva A, Palazzolo C, Palmieri F, Pareo C, Petrone A, Pianura E, Pinnetti C, Pontarelli A, Puro V, Rianda A, Rosati S, Sampaolesi A, Santagata C, Scarcia D’Aprano S, Scarabello A, Schininà V, Scorzolini L, Stazi GV, Taibi C, Taglietti F, Tonnarini R, Topino S, Vergori A, Vincenzi L, Visco-Comandini U, Vittozzi P, Zaccarelli M, Zaccaro G.
Emanuele Nicastri; Nicola Petrosillo; Tommaso Ascoli Bartoli; Luciana Lepore; Annalisa Mondi; Fabrizio Palmieri; Gianpiero D’Offizi; Luisa Marchioni; Silvia Murachelli; Giuseppe Ippolito; Andrea Andrea Antinori for the INMI COVID-19 Treatment Group (ICOTREG). National Institute for the Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS. Recommendations for COVID-19 Clinical Management. Infectious Disease Reports 2020, 12, 3 -9.
AMA StyleEmanuele Nicastri, Nicola Petrosillo, Tommaso Ascoli Bartoli, Luciana Lepore, Annalisa Mondi, Fabrizio Palmieri, Gianpiero D’Offizi, Luisa Marchioni, Silvia Murachelli, Giuseppe Ippolito, Andrea Andrea Antinori for the INMI COVID-19 Treatment Group (ICOTREG). National Institute for the Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS. Recommendations for COVID-19 Clinical Management. Infectious Disease Reports. 2020; 12 (1):3-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmanuele Nicastri; Nicola Petrosillo; Tommaso Ascoli Bartoli; Luciana Lepore; Annalisa Mondi; Fabrizio Palmieri; Gianpiero D’Offizi; Luisa Marchioni; Silvia Murachelli; Giuseppe Ippolito; Andrea Andrea Antinori for the INMI COVID-19 Treatment Group (ICOTREG). 2020. "National Institute for the Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS. Recommendations for COVID-19 Clinical Management." Infectious Disease Reports 12, no. 1: 3-9.