The effect of heat treatment on dried fruiting bodies of Reishi medicinal mushroom (Ganoderma lingzhi) is investigated. Control and samples treated for 20 min at temperatures of 70, 120, 150 and 180 °C were subjected for their free radical scavenging capacity, different glucans and total phenolic content determination. The growth rate of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus casei supplemented with control and heat-treated samples is also investigated. The roasted mushroom samples at 150 °C and 180 °C showed the highest level of β-glucan (37.82%) and free radical scavenging capacity on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH•) and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+). The content of total phenolics (TPC) was also influenced by heat treatment and significantly higher TPC values were recorded in samples treated at 120 °C and 150 °C. The presence of reducing sugars was only detected after heat treatment at 150 °C (0.23%) and at 180 °C (0.57%). The heat treatments at 120, 150 and 180 °C, significantly attenuated the number of colony-forming units (CFU) of pathogenic E. coli, in a linear relationship with an elevated temperature. The supplementation of heat-treated Reishi mushroom at 120 °C resulted in the highest growth rate of probiotic L. casei. The obtained results in this study revealed the significant effect of short-term heat treatment by enhancing the antioxidant capacity, β-glucan solubility and prebiotic property of the dried basidiocarp of Reishi mushroom.

Cold-acclimated and non-acclimated contrasting Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) biotypes were investigated for changes in stress-associated biomarkers, including antioxidant enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation, protein, and proline content. In addition, a well-known freezing tolerance pathway participant known as C-repeat/DRE-binding factors (CBFs), an inducer of CBF expression (ICE1), and a cold-regulated (COR6.6) genes of the ICE-CBF-COR pathway were studied at the transcriptional level on the doubled-haploid (DH) lines. Freezing stress had significant effects on all studied parameters. The cold-acclimated DH34 (a freezing-tolerant line) showed an overall better performance under freezing stress than non-acclimated plants. The non-cold-acclimated DH08 (a frost-sensitive line) showed the highest electrolyte leakage after freezing stress. The highest activity of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) was also detected in non-acclimated plants, whereas the cold-acclimated plants showed lower enzyme activities upon stress treatment. Cold acclimation had a significantly positive effect on the total protein and proline content of stressed plants. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed significant differences in the expression and cold-inducibility of CsCBF1-3, CsICE1, and CsCOR6.6 genes among the samples of different treatments. The highest expression of all CBF genes was recorded in the non-acclimated frost-tolerant biotype after freezing stress. Interestingly a significantly higher expression of COR6.6 was detected in cold-acclimated samples of both frost-sensitive and -tolerant biotypes after freezing stress. The presented results provide more insights into freezing tolerance mechanisms in the Camelina plant from both a biochemical point of view and the expression of the associated genes.

Nowadays open field and protected vegetable cultivation practices require and use genotypes which are precisely tailored to their intended growth environments. Variability of this kind provides a rich source of material to uncover molecular mechanisms supporting the necessarily divergent physiological traits. In this study, typical field-optimized and glasshouse-cultivated cucumber F1 hybrids were investigated, and displayed slower growth (‘Joker’) and faster growth (‘Oitol’) in seedlings. Antioxidant capacity was lower in ‘Joker’ and higher in ‘Oitol’, pointing to a potential redox regulation of growth. The growth response of seedlings to paraquat treatment indicated stronger oxidative stress tolerance in the fast-growing ‘Oitol’. To test whether protection against nitrate-induced oxidative stress was also different, fertigation with increasing potassium nitrate content was applied. This treatment did not change growth but decreased the antioxidant capacities of both hybrids. Bioluminescence emission revealed stronger lipid peroxidation triggered by high nitrate fertigation in the leaves of ‘Joker’ seedlings. To explore the background of the more effective antioxidant protection of ‘Oitol’, levels of ascorbic acid (AsA), as well as transcriptional regulation of relevant genes of the Smirnoff–Wheeler biosynthetic pathway and ascorbate recycling, were investigated. Genes related to AsA biosynthesis were strongly upregulated at an elevated nitrate supply in ‘Oitol’ leaves only, but this was only reflected in a small increase in total AsA content. High nitrate provision also triggered expression of ascorbate–glutathion cycle genes with stronger or exclusive induction in ‘Oitol’. AsA/dehydro–ascorbate ratios were higher in ‘Oitol’ for all treatments, with a more pronounced difference at high nitrate levels. Despite strong transcriptional upregulation of ascorbate peroxidase genes (APX) in ‘Oitol’, APX activity only increased significantly in ‘Joker’. This suggests potential inhibition of APX enzyme activity specifically in ‘Oitol’ at a high nitrate supply. Our results uncover an unexpected variability in redox stress management in cucumbers, including nitrate inducibility of AsA biosynthetic and recycling pathways in certain genotypes. Possible connections between AsA biosynthesis, recycling and nitro-oxidative stress protection are discussed. Cucumber hybrids emerge as an excellent model system for studying the regulation of AsA metabolism and the roles of AsA in growth and stress tolerance.

Effects of waterlogging (WL) stress and its mitigation by nitrate (NO₃ ^–) were investigated in a commercial cucumber hybrid line. WL resulted in a shift toward anaerobic metabolism in roots and development of adventitious roots (ARs). In WL stressed roots exodermal, extracellular H₂O₂ accumulation and protein nitration were detected. Shoot growth was retarded with signs of oxidative stress. Nitrate content decreased in both root and shoot. In the root WL upregulated several genes implicated in hypoxic response, including transcripts of CsRAP2.3, CsRBOHs and the CsHem3 phytoglobin genes. Nitrate supplementation restored shoot growth and mitigated oxidative stress. Fermentative metabolism was reduced in the roots. Nitrate levels increased substantially, expression of NRT1 genes was induced, supporting improved NO₃ ⁻ uptake and delivery. According to chemical analysis and fluorescent microscopy NO accumulated in the vascular cylinder of roots. NO depletion by cPTIO confirmed a role for NO in stress mitigation. cPTIO treatment decreased AR formation and foliar nitrate levels. It decreased protein nitration and strongly downregulated nitrate transporters’ gene expression in roots. Overall, our work revealed nitrate triggered, NO mediated alleviation of WL stress in cucumber. Resolution of WL induced energy crisis in the roots by nitrate treatment was attributed to parallel effects of anaerobic respiration and AR formation. Shoot growth repression was probably alleviated by improved root functions, including elevated nitrate transport. Expression of NRT1 nitrate transporter genes was induced by nitrate, and this induction was found NO dependent in WL stressed cucumber.

Peach cultivars (’Elberta’, ‘Red Top’, and ’Dixie Red’) were studied for their in vitro adoptability and performance in producing virus-free plantlets. The thermotherapy method with increasing temperatures (25 °C to 37 °C) was applied for the elimination of famous peach infecting plum pox viruses (PPVs) and prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), and the DS-ELISA test and RT-PCR technique were performed to confirm the production of virus-free microshoots. The application of 30 mg L⁻¹ of Fe-EDDHA treatment resulted in the best performance for culture establishment of all cultivars, where the best subsequent morphological performance in terms of branch and leaf numbers was recorded for the ’Dixie Red’ cultivar in MS medium, supplemented with 0.5 mgL⁻¹ of gibberellic acid (GA₃) and 0.5 mg L⁻¹ of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP). At the regeneration stage, the highest (26.96 mm) and lowest (18.43 mm) shoot lengths were obtained from the ’Dixie Red’ cultivar treated with GA₃ (2 mg L⁻¹) + thidiazuron (TDZ) (2.5 mg L⁻¹) and the ’Red Top’ cultivar treated with GA₃ (1 mg L⁻¹) + TDZ (1 mg L⁻¹), respectively. The leaf numbers were affected by the application of growth regulators, where the ’Elberta’ cultivar under GA₃ (2 mg L⁻¹) + TDZ (2.5 mg L⁻¹) treatment showed the highest numbers and the ’Red Top’ cultivar under GA₃ (1 mg L⁻¹) + TDZ (1 mg L⁻¹) showed the lowest mean values. The thermotherapy treatment and micropropagation of shoot tips resulted in 100% virus-free plantlets, as confirmed by both applied diagnostic methods. The result of the application of the rooting stage with growth regulators on ’Elberta’ plantlets showed the best performance (90%) in ½ MS medium supplemented with 0.5–1 mg L⁻¹ of IBA, which was significantly higher than the same treatment in MS medium. The obtained results should constitute the basis for further optimization of the multiplication and rooting of virus-free peach plantlets to be served for nurseries and planation orchards.

Silicon (Si) is a ubiquitous element in soil with well-known beneficial effects under certain conditions, in several plant species, if supplied in available form for uptake. It may alleviate damage in various stress situations and may also promote growth when no obvious stressors are applied. Effects of Si are often linked to mitigation of oxidative stress, in particular to the induction of antioxidant defense mechanisms. In the work presented, the impact of silicon provision on pro-oxidant systems was investigated in cucumber. Plants of the F1 cultivar hybrid ‘Joker’ were grown under in vitro conditions in the absence of any applied external stressor. Silicon provision decreased H₂O₂ content and lowered lipid peroxidation in the leaves of the treated plants. This was paralleled by declining polyamine oxidase (PAO) and diamine oxidase (DAO) activities. Several PAO as well as lipoxygenase (LOX) genes were coordinately downregulated in Si-treated plants. Unlike in similar systems studied earlier, the Si effect was not associated with an increased transcript level of gene coding for antioxidant enzymes. These results suggest an inhibitory effect of Si provision on pro-oxidant amine oxidases, which may decrease the level of reactive oxygen species by retarding their production. This extends the molecular mechanisms linked to silicon effects onto redox balance in plants.