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In this study, the multi-phase Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid method (TFM) coupled with the kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF) was used to investigate the hydrodynamics of particle flows (Geldart Group B) in a lab-scale bubbling fluidized bed. The goal was to improve the bubble flow behavior inside the fluidized bed to improve the distribution of an injected liquid, by increasing the flow of bubbles entering the spray jet cavity and, thus, reduce the formation of wet agglomerates. The effects of a baffle on both the injection level and the whole fluidized bed were studied. Different baffle geometries were also investigated. Adding a fluxtube to a baffle can improve the bubble flows and a long fluxtube works best at redirecting gas bubbles. Baffles tend to smooth out variations in the gas distribution caused by the non-uniform inlet gas distribution. A gas pocket appears under all the baffles.
Xuelian Xing; Chao Zhang; Bin Jiang; Yongli Sun; Luhong Zhang; Cedric Briens. Effect of a Baffle on Bubble Distribution in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed. Processes 2021, 9, 1150 .
AMA StyleXuelian Xing, Chao Zhang, Bin Jiang, Yongli Sun, Luhong Zhang, Cedric Briens. Effect of a Baffle on Bubble Distribution in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed. Processes. 2021; 9 (7):1150.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXuelian Xing; Chao Zhang; Bin Jiang; Yongli Sun; Luhong Zhang; Cedric Briens. 2021. "Effect of a Baffle on Bubble Distribution in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed." Processes 9, no. 7: 1150.
Fluid coking is a thermal conversion process that uses a conventional two-vessel circulating fluidized bed to convert heavy hydrocarbon feeds to lighter products. The technology was developed in the 1950s and since then has been used commercially around the world to upgrade heavy oils from various sources. Research work has been summarized related to all aspects of the fluid coking process, including reaction fundamentals, bed hydrodynamics, liquid distribution and jet–bed interaction, mixing of solid particles and agglomerates, mixing of vapors, control of the particle size, cleaning of the vapor stream in the scrubber, cleaning of the cold coke in the stripper, process monitoring, coke transfer lines, and the burner. The fluid coking process involves complex interactions between fluidized bed hydrodynamics, liquid feed injection, and reaction kinetics, and research tools that can take into account all of these interacting variables are requited to test methods to optimize the process. Fluid cokers can process many different types of feeds, and future applications may include blending and co-processing a variety of feedstocks ranging from waste plastics, pyrolytic bio-oil, and off-spec vegetable oils with heavy oil. The findings from this summary are also relevant for other applications that inject liquid into fluidized beds, such as the fluid catalytic cracking process, olefin polymerization cooled by liquid injection, granulators, and coaters.
Cedric Briens; Jennifer McMillan. Review of Research Related to Fluid Cokers. Energy & Fuels 2021, 35, 9747 -9774.
AMA StyleCedric Briens, Jennifer McMillan. Review of Research Related to Fluid Cokers. Energy & Fuels. 2021; 35 (12):9747-9774.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCedric Briens; Jennifer McMillan. 2021. "Review of Research Related to Fluid Cokers." Energy & Fuels 35, no. 12: 9747-9774.
Formation of agglomerates in fluidized beds can cause operating problems, such as excessive stripper shed fouling, which can lead to premature unit shut down. The focus of this study is to reach a better understanding of how agglomerates move through a fluidized bed to improve the Fluid Cokers and minimize the risk of agglomerates reaching regions where they cause problems. Two experimental methods were used: first, a Gum Arabic binder solution was injected into a two‐dimensional (2D) fluidized bed under conditions that simulate agglomerate formation in Fluid Cokers, and the mass and density of recovered agglomerates were measured; second, a new 2D radioactive particle tracking (RPT) method was developed to track the motion of model agglomerates. The fluidized bed had a steel wall, resulting in significant and non‐uniform radiation absorption. The 2D RPT system was, thus, calibrated by placing the source at 290 locations in the bed, for each fluidization velocity. Since bubble flow patterns greatly affect agglomerate motion and segregation, a tribo‐electric method was used to determine bubble flow distribution in the fluidized bed. The RPT and liquid injection methods gave similar vertical distributions of agglomerates. The main results were that increasing the fluidization velocity reduced segregation, and larger agglomerates were more likely to segregate. There was a strong correlation between the bubbles and agglomerates flow patterns: establishing an asymmetric flow pattern by injecting more fluidization gas in one side of the bed greatly reduced agglomerate segregation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Cedric Briens; Muhammad Owais Iqbal Bhatti; Francisco J. Sanchez; Franco Berruti; Jennifer McMillan. Behaviour of agglomerates formed by liquid injection in fluidized beds. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleCedric Briens, Muhammad Owais Iqbal Bhatti, Francisco J. Sanchez, Franco Berruti, Jennifer McMillan. Behaviour of agglomerates formed by liquid injection in fluidized beds. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCedric Briens; Muhammad Owais Iqbal Bhatti; Francisco J. Sanchez; Franco Berruti; Jennifer McMillan. 2020. "Behaviour of agglomerates formed by liquid injection in fluidized beds." The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering , no. : 1.
In processes such as Fluid CokingTM, agglomerate formation should be minimized since it reduces the yield of valuable products, and degrades operability because of the fouling of internals. An experimental model, consisting of an aqueous solution of gum arabic with a dye, has been successfully developed to simulate the formation of agglomerates in the Fluid CokingTM process, where bitumen is sprayed into a fluidized bed of coke particles The particles wetted by a spray could be predicted by assuming that all the particles in the wake of bubbles formed from the tip of the spray jet have been wetted by the injected liquid. The transfer of liquid from particles wetted with the spray to dry bed particles was relatively ineffective, as the number of wet particles increased by only 50%. With successive liquid injections, the proportion of the liquid trapped in agglomerates increases in latter injections: large agglomerates from earlier injections accumulate above the grid and are carried by gas bubbles into the spray jet cavity, where they seed fresh agglomerates.
Cedric Briens; Liliana Pardo Reyes; Franco Berruti; Jennifer McMillan. Effect of successive sprays on liquid distribution in fluidized beds. Particuology 2020, 54, 17 -24.
AMA StyleCedric Briens, Liliana Pardo Reyes, Franco Berruti, Jennifer McMillan. Effect of successive sprays on liquid distribution in fluidized beds. Particuology. 2020; 54 ():17-24.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCedric Briens; Liliana Pardo Reyes; Franco Berruti; Jennifer McMillan. 2020. "Effect of successive sprays on liquid distribution in fluidized beds." Particuology 54, no. : 17-24.
This paper investigates how solids flow in a circulating fluidized bed can be modified by adding baffles and modifying gas injection locations, and how these changes suggest strategies for a reduction of liquid carryunder in the stripper in Fluid Cokers™. A Computer-Aided Radioactive Particle Tracking (CARPT) method was used with a pilot unit operated at room temperature with the same flux of recirculating coke particles as in the commercial unit. The lateral bitumen injections, and their impact on superficial gas velocity were simulated with 5 banks of 8 lateral gas injectors. In cokers, wet agglomerates that trapped injected bitumen carry unreacted liquid to the stripper. Radioactive simulated agglomerates were tracked to obtain formation-to-stripper time distribution profiles, for each lateral injection jet. Two methods were investigated to reduce liquid carryunder: the addition of a ring baffle and redistribution of liquid between banks. Experiments showed that carryunder can be reduced by either redirecting the bitumen feed from the lowest injection bank to higher banks, or adding a ring baffle with flux tubes in between the lowest and second-lowest injection banks. Combining both methods does not provide additional improvement.
Yohann Cochet; Cedric Briens; Franco Berruti; Jennifer McMillan; Francisco J. Sanchez Careaga. Impact of column geometry and internals on gas and particle flows in a fluidized bed with downward solids circulation: Effect of lateral injection profile and baffles. Powder Technology 2020, 372, 275 -289.
AMA StyleYohann Cochet, Cedric Briens, Franco Berruti, Jennifer McMillan, Francisco J. Sanchez Careaga. Impact of column geometry and internals on gas and particle flows in a fluidized bed with downward solids circulation: Effect of lateral injection profile and baffles. Powder Technology. 2020; 372 ():275-289.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYohann Cochet; Cedric Briens; Franco Berruti; Jennifer McMillan; Francisco J. Sanchez Careaga. 2020. "Impact of column geometry and internals on gas and particle flows in a fluidized bed with downward solids circulation: Effect of lateral injection profile and baffles." Powder Technology 372, no. : 275-289.
The electrostatic charge in a fluidized bed can be applied to provide local information on the bed hydrodynamics. Electrostatic probes can withstand adverse conditions that would be an issue for other measurement probes, such as high temperatures (limited by metal), high velocities (e.g. 2 m/s), high bed densities (1500 kg/m3), and large-scale equipment. The objective of this study was to investigate various applications of electrostatic probes in fluidized beds. Results obtained with an array of 45 probes arranged in 5 rows provided the local bubble gas flux and bubble velocity. They could also be used to detect any slugging. When liquid was sprayed into the gas-fluidized bed, the electrostatic probes could provide the penetration of the gas-liquid spray jet, detect bogging and measure the free moisture, i.e. the amount of liquid that was not trapped within wet agglomerates. The electrostatic probes measurements were validated with alternate measurement methods.
Yuan Li; Majid Jahanmiri; Francisco Sanchez Careaga; Cedric Briens; Franco Berruti; Jennifer McMillan. Applications of electrostatic probes in fluidized beds. Powder Technology 2020, 370, 64 -79.
AMA StyleYuan Li, Majid Jahanmiri, Francisco Sanchez Careaga, Cedric Briens, Franco Berruti, Jennifer McMillan. Applications of electrostatic probes in fluidized beds. Powder Technology. 2020; 370 ():64-79.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuan Li; Majid Jahanmiri; Francisco Sanchez Careaga; Cedric Briens; Franco Berruti; Jennifer McMillan. 2020. "Applications of electrostatic probes in fluidized beds." Powder Technology 370, no. : 64-79.
In industrial Fluid Coking™ processes, wet agglomerates formed with coke particles flowing down from the spray regions to the stripper section cause fouling of the stripper sheds, which is a major operating problem. The objective of this work was to determine how to reduce agglomeration by increasing the superficial gas velocity, modifying the gas distributor configuration, or adding internals such as baffles. All these approaches were able to reduce agglomeration. Increasing the superficial gas velocity from 0.18 to 1 m/s reduced the proportion of the injected liquid that was trapped in agglomerates by 50%. Concentrating the gas bubble flow to the first half of the jet cavity with a baffle provided a further reduction in liquid trapped by 12%.
Yuan Li; Francisco Sanchez Careaga; Cedric Briens; Franco Berruti; Jennifer McMillan. Impact of local fluidized bed hydrodynamics on the distribution of liquid sprayed into the bed. Powder Technology 2020, 367, 326 -335.
AMA StyleYuan Li, Francisco Sanchez Careaga, Cedric Briens, Franco Berruti, Jennifer McMillan. Impact of local fluidized bed hydrodynamics on the distribution of liquid sprayed into the bed. Powder Technology. 2020; 367 ():326-335.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuan Li; Francisco Sanchez Careaga; Cedric Briens; Franco Berruti; Jennifer McMillan. 2020. "Impact of local fluidized bed hydrodynamics on the distribution of liquid sprayed into the bed." Powder Technology 367, no. : 326-335.
Microwave-assisted pyrolysis is a promising thermochemical technique to convert waste polymers and biomass into raw chemicals and fuels. However, this process involves several issues related to the interactions between materials and microwaves. Consequently, the control of temperature during microwave-assisted pyrolysis is a hard task both for measurement and uniformity during the overall pyrolytic run. In this review, we introduce some of the main theoretical aspects of the microwaves–materials interactions alongside the issues related to microwave pyrolytic processability of materials.
Mattia Bartoli; Marco Frediani; Cedric Briens; Franco Berruti; Luca Rosi. An Overview of Temperature Issues in Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis. Processes 2019, 7, 658 .
AMA StyleMattia Bartoli, Marco Frediani, Cedric Briens, Franco Berruti, Luca Rosi. An Overview of Temperature Issues in Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis. Processes. 2019; 7 (10):658.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMattia Bartoli; Marco Frediani; Cedric Briens; Franco Berruti; Luca Rosi. 2019. "An Overview of Temperature Issues in Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis." Processes 7, no. 10: 658.
Liquid injection into fluidized bed reactors has several industrial applications, such as Fluid Catalytic Cracking, Gas Phase Polyethylene production, and Fluid Coking. High quality liquid distribution is essential to maximize the yield of desirable products, and minimize agglomeration. A new method was developed to measure the rate at which liquid is released from agglomerates formed as a result of liquid injection into a fluidized bed. This method is suitable for testing of industrial-scale spray nozzles, with liquid flowrates higher than 2 kg/s in fluidized beds containing several tonnes of solids. Liquid distribution can be monitored by measuring the conductance of the fluidized bed with flat electrodes located on the walls of the fluidized bed column.
Nicholas Prociw; Cedric Briens; Franco Berruti; Tarek Jamaleddine. A method to measure the rate of liquid released from agglomerates produced by gas-atomized liquid injection into a fluidized bed. Measurement 2018, 125, 19 -28.
AMA StyleNicholas Prociw, Cedric Briens, Franco Berruti, Tarek Jamaleddine. A method to measure the rate of liquid released from agglomerates produced by gas-atomized liquid injection into a fluidized bed. Measurement. 2018; 125 ():19-28.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicholas Prociw; Cedric Briens; Franco Berruti; Tarek Jamaleddine. 2018. "A method to measure the rate of liquid released from agglomerates produced by gas-atomized liquid injection into a fluidized bed." Measurement 125, no. : 19-28.
A mechanically fluidized reactor (MFR) is a novel and compact reactor used for biomass pyrolysis. Endothermic biomass pyrolysis requires heat provided from the wall of the MFR. Meanwhile, mixing with a vertical stirrer helps achieve effective heat transfer from the wall to the bed. Here, the heat transfer characteristics between the wall of a 1.0-L MFR and its bed of mechanically fluidized sand particles were studied. An induction heating system was used to heat the wall, while a vertical blade stirrer was used for mixing. Heat transfer measurements were carried out using silica sand particles, having three average Sauter mean diameters: 190, 300, and 600 μm. The overall wall-to-bed heat transfer coefficients were estimated using temperature measurements taken during continuous injection of water onto the fluidized bed. The overall heat transfer coefficient for bed temperatures of 500–700 °C increased as particle size increased or superficial velocity of the vaporized liquid increased. Effect of impeller rotation speed also was investigated. Typically, the overall heat transfer coefficient increased as rotation speed increased. The wall-to-bed heat transfer coefficients obtained in this study are comparable to estimates from traditional bubbling fluidized beds, even at vapor velocities below the minimum fluidization velocity.
Dhiraj Kankariya; Cedric Briens; Dominic Pjontek; Stefano Tacchino. Effects of liquid feed rate and impeller rotation speed on heat transfer in a mechanically fluidized reactor. Particuology 2018, 39, 25 -32.
AMA StyleDhiraj Kankariya, Cedric Briens, Dominic Pjontek, Stefano Tacchino. Effects of liquid feed rate and impeller rotation speed on heat transfer in a mechanically fluidized reactor. Particuology. 2018; 39 ():25-32.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDhiraj Kankariya; Cedric Briens; Dominic Pjontek; Stefano Tacchino. 2018. "Effects of liquid feed rate and impeller rotation speed on heat transfer in a mechanically fluidized reactor." Particuology 39, no. : 25-32.
A Radioactive Particle Tracking (RPT) technique was used to study the effects of the internal baffles in the stripping section of the Fluid Coker™, called sheds, have on the behavior of wet agglomerates that are formed when residual oil is injected into the Coker. Vapor emitted by reacting wet agglomerates below the sheds rises and causes shed fouling. The release of vapor from agglomerates can be estimated by combining the RPT results with a coking reaction model. The study found that the sheds reduce the time agglomerates spend in the shed zone, which in turn reduces the amount of organic vapor that reaches the sheds, but at the same time increase the wetness of the agglomerates that exit to the recirculation line, which results in the loss of valuable liquid. The research also found that the best type of shed, from the point of view of agglomerate motion, is the mesh-shed. Finally, experimental data indicate that reducing the cross sectional area of the sheds from 50% to 30% increases the time that the agglomerates spend above the shed zone, and thus reduces the flow of vapor emitted below the sheds.
Francisco Sanchez Careaga; Cedric Briens; Franco Berruti; Jennifer McMillan; Murray Gray. Agglomerate behavior in a recirculating fluidized bed with sheds: Effect of sheds. Advanced Powder Technology 2018, 29, 1758 -1770.
AMA StyleFrancisco Sanchez Careaga, Cedric Briens, Franco Berruti, Jennifer McMillan, Murray Gray. Agglomerate behavior in a recirculating fluidized bed with sheds: Effect of sheds. Advanced Powder Technology. 2018; 29 (7):1758-1770.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancisco Sanchez Careaga; Cedric Briens; Franco Berruti; Jennifer McMillan; Murray Gray. 2018. "Agglomerate behavior in a recirculating fluidized bed with sheds: Effect of sheds." Advanced Powder Technology 29, no. 7: 1758-1770.
The radioactive particle tracking technique was used to study the effect of internal ring baffles on wet agglomerate motion inside a cold flow recirculating fluidized bed. The study found that using such a baffle on its own or above the regular sheds helps reduce the fouling of the stripper section by increasing the residence time that the agglomerates spend above the baffle, thereby reducing the release of the vapors below the baffles that cause fouling of the sheds. Adding down-comers, or flux tubes, to the ring baffles degrades the performance of the baffles. Reducing the length of the flux tubes, so that they do not reach the bottom of the baffle lip results in a further degradation in baffle performance.
Francisco J. Sanchez Careaga; Cedric Briens; Franco Berruti; Jennifer McMillan; Murray Gray. Agglomerate behavior in a recirculating fluidized bed with sheds: Effect of ring baffles. Particuology 2018, 38, 143 -151.
AMA StyleFrancisco J. Sanchez Careaga, Cedric Briens, Franco Berruti, Jennifer McMillan, Murray Gray. Agglomerate behavior in a recirculating fluidized bed with sheds: Effect of ring baffles. Particuology. 2018; 38 ():143-151.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancisco J. Sanchez Careaga; Cedric Briens; Franco Berruti; Jennifer McMillan; Murray Gray. 2018. "Agglomerate behavior in a recirculating fluidized bed with sheds: Effect of ring baffles." Particuology 38, no. : 143-151.
This review examines the key features and configurations of short residence time cracking processes from a diverse range of industries that have been developed over the past 25 years. These industries include: bitumen or heavy oil upgrading, biomass pyrolysis, olefin production, catalytic cracking, and coal gasification. Characterization of the gas, liquid, and solid products and feedstock is provided wherever possible. In addition, a description of the source and mechanism of heat transfer, and how the feedstock is brought into contact with and separated from – this source is also given.
Craig Hulet; Cedric Briens; Franco Berruti; Edward W. Chan. A Review of Short Residence Time Cracking Processes. ENERGYO 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleCraig Hulet, Cedric Briens, Franco Berruti, Edward W. Chan. A Review of Short Residence Time Cracking Processes. ENERGYO. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCraig Hulet; Cedric Briens; Franco Berruti; Edward W. Chan. 2018. "A Review of Short Residence Time Cracking Processes." ENERGYO , no. : 1.
Nicholas Prociw; Cedric Briens; Franco Berruti; Jennifer McMillan. Effect of spray nozzle attachment geometry on rate of liquid released from agglomerates produced by gas-atomized liquid injection into a fluidized bed. Powder Technology 2018, 325, 280 -288.
AMA StyleNicholas Prociw, Cedric Briens, Franco Berruti, Jennifer McMillan. Effect of spray nozzle attachment geometry on rate of liquid released from agglomerates produced by gas-atomized liquid injection into a fluidized bed. Powder Technology. 2018; 325 ():280-288.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicholas Prociw; Cedric Briens; Franco Berruti; Jennifer McMillan. 2018. "Effect of spray nozzle attachment geometry on rate of liquid released from agglomerates produced by gas-atomized liquid injection into a fluidized bed." Powder Technology 325, no. : 280-288.
In fluidized bed reactors such as Fluid Cokers™, liquid injections are used. Good contact between liquid and bed solids is required to maximize product yields and quality, and gas-atomized nozzles are, therefore, used in all these processes. The spray nozzle technology is known to affect the liquid distribution. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the effect on liquid distribution of a draft tube located downstream of the spray nozzle, inside the fluidized bed. Experiments were conducted at a relevant scale, using a commercial-scale nozzle with a liquid flow rate of about 100 L/min in a large-scale pilot fluid bed containing about 7 tonnes of silica sand. Liquid injected into a fluidized bed either forms liquid-solid agglomerates or free moisture, consisting of individual particles coated with a thin layer of liquid. Several electrodes were used to map the free moisture distribution throughout the bed. A draft tube greatly improves the contact efficiency throughout the bed. It also increases the penetration of the gas-liquid jet formed by spray inside the fluidized bed.
M. Ali ZirGachian; Cedric Briens; Franco Berruti; Jennifer McMillan. Impact of a draft tube on industrial-scale Fluid Coker™ Spray Jets in fluidized beds. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 2017, 96, 317 -322.
AMA StyleM. Ali ZirGachian, Cedric Briens, Franco Berruti, Jennifer McMillan. Impact of a draft tube on industrial-scale Fluid Coker™ Spray Jets in fluidized beds. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2017; 96 (1):317-322.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Ali ZirGachian; Cedric Briens; Franco Berruti; Jennifer McMillan. 2017. "Impact of a draft tube on industrial-scale Fluid Coker™ Spray Jets in fluidized beds." The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 96, no. 1: 317-322.
A.H. Ahmadi Motlagh; John R. Grace; Cedric Briens; Franco Berruti; Masoumeh Farkhondehkavaki; Majid Hamidi. Experimental analysis of volatile liquid injection into a fluidized bed. Particuology 2017, 34, 39 -47.
AMA StyleA.H. Ahmadi Motlagh, John R. Grace, Cedric Briens, Franco Berruti, Masoumeh Farkhondehkavaki, Majid Hamidi. Experimental analysis of volatile liquid injection into a fluidized bed. Particuology. 2017; 34 ():39-47.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA.H. Ahmadi Motlagh; John R. Grace; Cedric Briens; Franco Berruti; Masoumeh Farkhondehkavaki; Majid Hamidi. 2017. "Experimental analysis of volatile liquid injection into a fluidized bed." Particuology 34, no. : 39-47.
Lignin has great potential for the production of valuable aromatic compounds and has attracted considerable attention. The development of high value applications for Kraft lignin would boost the profitability of pulp and paper operations. A potential solution is the pyrolytic conversion of lignin to valuable liquids and solids. However, Kraft lignin is a thermally sensitive powder which tends to agglomerate under pyrolysis conditions. A mechanically fluidized reactor (MFR) can be used to monitor both the generation of vapours and gas during pyrolysis and how cohesive a feedstock becomes when pyrolyzed. The MFR was, therefore, used to evaluate alternative solutions to improve Kraft lignin behaviour by mixing it with non-problematic feedstocks or by modifying its bed material. Finally, Kraft lignin behaviour and products were compared to those of hydrolysis lignins from different origins.
Valentina Lago; Cedric Briens; Franco Berruti. Effect of bed material, lignin content, and origin on the processability of biomass in fast pyrolysis reactors. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 2017, 96, 132 -144.
AMA StyleValentina Lago, Cedric Briens, Franco Berruti. Effect of bed material, lignin content, and origin on the processability of biomass in fast pyrolysis reactors. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2017; 96 (1):132-144.
Chicago/Turabian StyleValentina Lago; Cedric Briens; Franco Berruti. 2017. "Effect of bed material, lignin content, and origin on the processability of biomass in fast pyrolysis reactors." The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 96, no. 1: 132-144.
Mohammad Latifi; Franco Berruti; Cedric Briens. Jiggle bed reactor for testing catalytic activity of olivine in bio-oil gasification. Powder Technology 2017, 316, 400 -409.
AMA StyleMohammad Latifi, Franco Berruti, Cedric Briens. Jiggle bed reactor for testing catalytic activity of olivine in bio-oil gasification. Powder Technology. 2017; 316 ():400-409.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Latifi; Franco Berruti; Cedric Briens. 2017. "Jiggle bed reactor for testing catalytic activity of olivine in bio-oil gasification." Powder Technology 316, no. : 400-409.
Clayton Stanlick; Franco Berruti; Cedric Briens. Effect of mixing and vapor residence time on thermal cracking of bitumen in a Mechanically Fluidized Reactor. Fuel 2017, 200, 481 -487.
AMA StyleClayton Stanlick, Franco Berruti, Cedric Briens. Effect of mixing and vapor residence time on thermal cracking of bitumen in a Mechanically Fluidized Reactor. Fuel. 2017; 200 ():481-487.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClayton Stanlick; Franco Berruti; Cedric Briens. 2017. "Effect of mixing and vapor residence time on thermal cracking of bitumen in a Mechanically Fluidized Reactor." Fuel 200, no. : 481-487.
Cedric Briens; Majid Hamidi; Franco Berruti; Jennifer McMillan. Development and study of measurement methods for bogging in a fluidized bed. Powder Technology 2017, 316, 92 -100.
AMA StyleCedric Briens, Majid Hamidi, Franco Berruti, Jennifer McMillan. Development and study of measurement methods for bogging in a fluidized bed. Powder Technology. 2017; 316 ():92-100.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCedric Briens; Majid Hamidi; Franco Berruti; Jennifer McMillan. 2017. "Development and study of measurement methods for bogging in a fluidized bed." Powder Technology 316, no. : 92-100.