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Ibon Echeazarra
Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain

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Short Biography

Ibon Echeazarra is a professor at the Faculty of Education and Sports of the University of the Basque Country. He earned his Ph.D. in Sports Sciences after focusing his thesis work on the study of sports initiation and training. He complements his teaching work in the coaching courses of the Football Federation. He previously taught physical activity and sports in higher education for 10 years. He has been a researcher in different studies contextualized in sports initiation and has numerous scientific publications of national and international impact related to this same topic. He has also given numerous lectures and communications at conferences.

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Review
Published: 24 July 2021 in Quality & Quantity
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In the last two decades, the analysis of tactical knowledge has become a research channel of increasing interest, contributing to the development of ad-hoc tools to carry out this task. The aim of this study is to collect evaluation tools which allow to measure the declarative tactical knowledge (DTK) in soccer. Five databases (Web of Sciences, Pub Med, SportDiscus, Psycinfo and Eric) were used for the literature search based on PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, according to five inclusion/exclusion criteria: (i) tools that determinate DTK in soccer players, (ii) come from primary sources, that is, published for the first time, (iii) show game-play scenarios in video sequences or static images via questionnaires, (iv) have been submitted to a process of validity and reliability, (v) and avoid the use of verbal language. Nine tools were selected and analyzed in this systematic review: Soccer decision-making tests (McMorris, in Percept Mot Ski 85(2):467, 1997), Protocol for the evaluation of declarative tactical knowledge (Mangas, in Conhecimento declarativo no futebol: Estudo comparativo em praticantes federados e não-federados, do escalão de sub-14, Dissertação de Mestrado, Faculdade de Desporto da Universidade do Porto, 1999), Questionnaire for the evaluation of tactical comprehension applied to football—CECTAF—(De la Vega, in Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte, 2002. https://repositorio.uam.es/bitstream/handle/10486/1723/11535_vega_marcos_ricardodela.pdf?sequence=1), Decision making instrument for Soccer (Fontana, in The development of a decision making instrument for soccer, Master’s degree dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 2004. http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/10124/), Game Understanding Test (Blomqvist et al., in Phys Educ Sport Pedagogy 10(2):107–119, 2005), Offensive Football Tactical Knowledge Test—TCTOF—(Serra-Olivares and García-López, in Revista Internacional De Medicina y Ciencias De La Actividad Física y Del Deporte 16(63):521–536, 2016. https://doi.org/10.15366/rimcafd2016.63.008), Video-based decision-making test (Keller et al., in Int J Sports Sci Coach 13(6):1057–1066, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954118760778), Decision-Making form IOS application (Bennett et al., in J Sci Med Sport 22(6):729–734, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.12.011) and TacticUP video test for soccer (Machado and Teoldo, in Front Psychol, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01690). Most of the tools did not pass many of the criteria proposed to assess their quality. Fundamentally, it can be concluded that few tools show specific tactical scores based on game principles or subroles that allow identifying possible points of improvement in the knowledge that players have on specific aspects of the game. For this reason, and based on the other findings found in this review, future studies should consider: (i) the importance of designing tools that reflect scores based on tactical principles and game subroles; (ii) the advantages and disadvantages of designing tools based on static images or video sequences; (iii) the need to design tools that can access the DTK of young children; (iv) the requirement to design tools that present game-play scenarios in the first person; (v) the essentiality of facing the tools designed to rigorous processes of validity and reliability.

ACS Style

Rubén Sánchez-López; Ibon Echeazarra; Julen Castellano. Systematic review of declarative tactical knowledge evaluation tools based on game-play scenarios in soccer. Quality & Quantity 2021, 1 -20.

AMA Style

Rubén Sánchez-López, Ibon Echeazarra, Julen Castellano. Systematic review of declarative tactical knowledge evaluation tools based on game-play scenarios in soccer. Quality & Quantity. 2021; ():1-20.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rubén Sánchez-López; Ibon Echeazarra; Julen Castellano. 2021. "Systematic review of declarative tactical knowledge evaluation tools based on game-play scenarios in soccer." Quality & Quantity , no. : 1-20.

Journal article
Published: 15 June 2021 in Sustainability
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The use of instruments for the evaluation of a player’s procedural tactical knowledge (PTK) in sociomotor sports, such as football, is a line of research of growing interest since it allows a pertinent description of the player’s football competence. The aim of this study is to configure and validate an ad-hoc observational tool that allows evaluating the player’s PTK, understood as football competence, from the observation, coding and recording of the roles, the actions of the acquired subroles and the operational and specific principles of football in the attack and defense phases. Based on the Delphi method, a field format coding instrument was designed and validated where each criterion is a system of categories, exhaustive and mutually exclusive. The results showed excellent content validity (9.02 out of 10), and high values of intra-observer stability (k = 0.747) and inter-observer agreement (k = 0.665). Generalizability analysis showed an excellent reliability (G = 0.99). Additionally, the construct validity of the tool was calculated through a small-sided game Gk + 4v4 + Gk, using two independent samples: semi-professional and amateur players. The results reflected significant differences (α < 0.05) between both samples in the variables total score, offensive score and defensive score. Therefore, this study provides a valid and reliable instrument that allows data collection in a rigorous and pertinent way, as well as their analysis and evaluation in attack and defense according to the roles of the players and based on the motor behaviors that they perform using the subroles that they acquired, associated with the technical dimension, along with the principles that they develop in parallel, in support of the tactical dimension.

ACS Style

Rubén Sánchez-López; Ibon Echeazarra; Julen Castellano. Validation of a Football Competence Observation System (FOCOS), Linked to Procedural Tactical Knowledge. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6780 .

AMA Style

Rubén Sánchez-López, Ibon Echeazarra, Julen Castellano. Validation of a Football Competence Observation System (FOCOS), Linked to Procedural Tactical Knowledge. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (12):6780.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rubén Sánchez-López; Ibon Echeazarra; Julen Castellano. 2021. "Validation of a Football Competence Observation System (FOCOS), Linked to Procedural Tactical Knowledge." Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6780.

Research article
Published: 02 July 2020 in International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport
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The main purpose of the present study was to assess if the intervention of the Video Assistant Referee (VAR) had effects in the playing time and in the technical-tactical and physical performances of the teams in the Spanish LaLiga during 2018-19 season. A total of 375 matches were grouped according the number of VAR interventions: none (VAR0), one (VAR1) and two or three (VAR2). The variables recorded were: total (TPT) and effective (EPT) playing time, passes, dribbles, crosses, shots, goals, corners, fouls, width, length, height, distance from the goalkeeper to their defence, and total (TD) and above 21 km/h distance covered. The results were: I) there was a slight increase in the TPT in VAR2 compared to VAR1 and VAR0 (99.1 vs. 96.0 vs. 95.1, respectively); II) there was a decrease in the EPT between VAR0 and VAR1 (52.5 vs. 51.5); III) there was an increase in the number of goals (1.2 vs. 1.5 vs. 1.7, in VAR0, VAR1 and VAR2); and, IV) there was a slight decrease in the TD (108,916 vs. 107,916 vs. 106,977, in VAR0, VAR1 and VAR2). In conclusion, the findings of the study suggest that the VAR hardly changes the game in elite soccer.

ACS Style

Ibai Errekagorri; Julen Castellano; Ibon Echeazarra; Carlos Lago-Peñas. The effects of the Video Assistant Referee system (VAR) on the playing time, technical-tactical and physical performance in elite soccer. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport 2020, 20, 808 -817.

AMA Style

Ibai Errekagorri, Julen Castellano, Ibon Echeazarra, Carlos Lago-Peñas. The effects of the Video Assistant Referee system (VAR) on the playing time, technical-tactical and physical performance in elite soccer. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport. 2020; 20 (5):808-817.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ibai Errekagorri; Julen Castellano; Ibon Echeazarra; Carlos Lago-Peñas. 2020. "The effects of the Video Assistant Referee system (VAR) on the playing time, technical-tactical and physical performance in elite soccer." International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport 20, no. 5: 808-817.

Journal article
Published: 15 April 2020 in Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte
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El objetivo del presente estudio fue estudiar cómo afectaron en la posesión del balón de un equipo de fútbol perteneciente a la categoría División de Honor Juvenil de España durante una temporada competitiva las siguientes variables de situación: entrenador (entrenador 1, entrenador 2 y entrenador 3), nivel del oponente (alto, medio y bajo), ubicación del partido (local y visitante) y resultado final (ganar, empatar y perder). Se analizaron los 30 partidos disputados por el equipo de referencia. Para valorar el rendimiento del equipo se emplearon diferentes indicadores de rendimiento de posesión. Primero se realizó la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis para todas las variables y condiciones. Posteriormente solo en las variables estadísticamente significativas (p The aim of the present study was to study how the following situational variables affected the ball possession of a youth soccer team from Spain during a competitive season: coach (coach 1, coach 2 and coach 3), quality of opposition (high, medium and low), venue (home and away) and final outcome (win, draw and lose). The 30 league matches played by the reference team were analysed. Different possession performance indicators were used. First, the Kruskal-Wallis test was performed for all variables and conditions. Subsequently, only the Mann-Whitney U test was applied in the statistically significant variables (p O objetivo do presente estudo foi estudar como as seguintes variáveis de situação afetaram a posse de um time de futebol juvenil na Espanha durante uma temporada competitiva: treinador (treinador 1, treinador 2 e treinador 3), nível do oponente (alto, médio e baixo), localização do jogo (casa e fora) e resultado final (vitória, empate e derrota). Os 30 jogos disputados pela time de referência foram analisadas. Para avaliar o desempenho da time, foram utilizados diferentes indicadores de desempenho. Primeiro, o teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi realizado para todas as variáveis e condições. Posteriormente, apenas o teste U de Mann-Whitney foi aplicado nas variáveis estatisticamente significantes (p

ACS Style

Ibai Errekagorri Elezkano; Ibon Echeazarra Escudero; Julen Castellano Paulis. Análisis de la Posesión de Balón en el Fútbol Juvenil en Relación a Variables de Situación: Estudio de Caso. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte 2020, 20, 128 -138.

AMA Style

Ibai Errekagorri Elezkano, Ibon Echeazarra Escudero, Julen Castellano Paulis. Análisis de la Posesión de Balón en el Fútbol Juvenil en Relación a Variables de Situación: Estudio de Caso. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte. 2020; 20 (2):128-138.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ibai Errekagorri Elezkano; Ibon Echeazarra Escudero; Julen Castellano Paulis. 2020. "Análisis de la Posesión de Balón en el Fútbol Juvenil en Relación a Variables de Situación: Estudio de Caso." Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte 20, no. 2: 128-138.

Original research article
Published: 24 January 2020 in Frontiers in Psychology
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the structure of interrelationships among external (eT) and internal (iT) training intensity metrics and how these vary depending on game format in soccer. The variables were collected from 16 semi-professional players in seven types of small, medium, large-sided, and simulated games (SG). The eT variables were (per min): peak velocity (Vmax), total distance (DTmin), distance covered at velocities less than 60% (D < 60%min), between 60 and 80% (D > 60%min), and more than 80% (D > 80%min) of the maximal velocity, player load (PLmin), and distance covered accelerating at more than 2 m⋅s-2 (Daccmin) and decelerating at less than −2 m⋅s-2 (Ddecmin). The iT variables were: Edwards arbitrary units (EDWmin) and time spent at more than 80% of the maximal heart rate (T > 80% HRmin). All game formats were represented by three principal components (PC), explaining from 66.9 to 76.0% of the variance. The structure of the interrelationships among variables involved similar distributions in the PCs that are related to energetic production systems, such as the strength/neuromuscular dimension (PLmin and/or Daccmin and Ddecmin, complemented by DTmin and D < 60%min), the endurance/cardiovascular dimension (EDWmin), and the velocity/locomotion dimension (Vmax, D > 60%min, or D > 80%min). A particular combination of external and internal intensity measures is required to describe the training load of game formats.

ACS Style

Unai Zurutuza; Julen Castellano; Ibon Echeazarra; Ibai Guridi; David Casamichana. Selecting Training-Load Measures to Explain Variability in Football Training Games. Frontiers in Psychology 2020, 10, 1 .

AMA Style

Unai Zurutuza, Julen Castellano, Ibon Echeazarra, Ibai Guridi, David Casamichana. Selecting Training-Load Measures to Explain Variability in Football Training Games. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020; 10 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Unai Zurutuza; Julen Castellano; Ibon Echeazarra; Ibai Guridi; David Casamichana. 2020. "Selecting Training-Load Measures to Explain Variability in Football Training Games." Frontiers in Psychology 10, no. : 1.

Sports performance
Published: 20 March 2019 in Journal of Sports Sciences
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This study’s main objective is to analyse the relationship between network-based centrality measures and physical demands in elite football players. Thirty-six matches from La Liga, the Spanish league, were analysed in the 2017/18 season. The analysis of networks formed by team players passing the ball included: degree-prestige (DP), degree-centrality (DC), betweenness-centrality (BC), page-rank (PRP) and closeness-centrality (IRCC). A video-based system was used for analysing total distance (TDpos) and distance run >21Km/h (TD21pos) when the team was in possession of the ball. A magnitude-based inference and correlation analysis were applied. There were different styles of play, team-A was characterized by greater ball circulation (e.g. higher values of DP, DC, BC and IRCC) while team-B used a more direct game (lower values in centrality-metrics except with PRP). Furthermore, TDpos was higher in team-A than in team-B, but those differences disappeared for TD21pos between teams with the exception of the forwards. Finally, the correlation among centrality measures and physical performance were higher in team-B. Coaches could identify the key opponents and players who are linked to them, allowing to adjust performance strategies. Furthermore, interaction patterns between teammates can be used to identify preferential paths of cooperation and to take decisions regarding these relations in order to optimize team performance.

ACS Style

J. Castellano; Ibon Echeazarra. Network-based centrality measures and physical demands in football regarding player position: Is there a connection? A preliminary study. Journal of Sports Sciences 2019, 37, 2631 -2638.

AMA Style

J. Castellano, Ibon Echeazarra. Network-based centrality measures and physical demands in football regarding player position: Is there a connection? A preliminary study. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2019; 37 (23):2631-2638.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. Castellano; Ibon Echeazarra. 2019. "Network-based centrality measures and physical demands in football regarding player position: Is there a connection? A preliminary study." Journal of Sports Sciences 37, no. 23: 2631-2638.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2017 in RICYDE. Revista internacional de ciencias del deporte
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La metodología de entrenamiento en fútbol ha evolucionado en gran medida en los últimos años, incluyendo tareas cada vez más específicas, y adquiriendo los juegos reducidos (JR) un protagonismo destacado. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar los efectos sobre la condición física de jóvenes futbolistas de un programa de seis semanas basado en JR. Participaron 22 futbolistas de dos grupos de edad diferente: U16 (n= 11, edad: 15,8±0,3 años) y U18 (n= 11, edad: 18,5±0,5 años). Los jugadores fueron evaluados tanto al principio como al final de la intervención con las siguientes pruebas: salto con contramovimiento (CMJ), test de velocidad en 40m (V40m) y test de resistencia University of Montreal Track Test (UMTT). Los resultados mostraron mejoras significativas del pre- al post- test en el CMJ (ES=1,05±0,13, 100%,0%,0%), V40m(ES=-0,29±0,15,0%,16%,84%) y UMTT (ES=0,30±0,20,79%,21%,0%) p<0,05). Con dichos resultados podemos concluir que un programa basado en JR, con una secuencia progresiva y con variedad en los formatos de juego en cuanto a dimensiones y número de jugadores por equipo, puede mantener y/o mejorar la condición física de los futbolistas. Una de las aplicaciones prácticas derivada del estudio es que los entrenadores pueden implementar JR para entrenar mediante tareas jugadas sin descuidar el aspecto condicional de los jugadores.\ud \ud Abstract\ud \ud Football training methodology has evolved greatly in recent years, including more increasingly specialized drills, with small-side games (SSG) taking on a prominent role. The objective of the current study was to analyze the effects that SSGs have on the physical condition of young football players during a six-week program. The study included 22 football players of two different age groups: U16 (n= 11, age: 15.8±0.3 years) and U18 (n= 11, age: 18.5±0.5 years). The participants were evaluated at the beginning and at the end of the intervention with the following tests: counter-movement jump (CMJ), 40 m sprint speed test (V40m) and endurance test “University of Montreal Track Test (UMTT)”. The results showed significant improvements of the pre- to post- test on the CMJ (ES=1.05±0.13,100%,0%,0%), V40m (ES=-0.29±0.15,0%,16%,84%) and UMTT (ES=0.30±0.20,79%,21%,0%) p<0.05). With these results we can conclude that a program based on SSG, as well as progressive sequence and variety in the game formats in terms of the size and number of players on a team, can maintain and/or improve the physical condition of the players. One of the practical applications derived from the study is that the coaches can implement SSG to develop game tasks without neglecting the players’ physical condition

ACS Style

Pedro Arrieta; Julen Castellano; Ibai Guridi; Ibon Echeazarra. Efectos de un programa basado en juegos reducidos sobre la condición física de jóvenes jugadores de fútbol. [Effects of a program based on small-sided games on the physical condition in young football players]. RICYDE. Revista internacional de ciencias del deporte 2017, 13, 370 -380.

AMA Style

Pedro Arrieta, Julen Castellano, Ibai Guridi, Ibon Echeazarra. Efectos de un programa basado en juegos reducidos sobre la condición física de jóvenes jugadores de fútbol. [Effects of a program based on small-sided games on the physical condition in young football players]. RICYDE. Revista internacional de ciencias del deporte. 2017; 13 (50):370-380.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pedro Arrieta; Julen Castellano; Ibai Guridi; Ibon Echeazarra. 2017. "Efectos de un programa basado en juegos reducidos sobre la condición física de jóvenes jugadores de fútbol. [Effects of a program based on small-sided games on the physical condition in young football players]." RICYDE. Revista internacional de ciencias del deporte 13, no. 50: 370-380.

Journal article
Published: 21 July 2017 in Anales de Psicología
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Tactical behavior could be affected by changes in small-sided game (SSG) formats. The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of different pitch lengths during 7-a-side SSGs played by young football players. Fourteen male soccer players in each age group (13 and 14 years old, U13 and U14 teams) were divided in two teams of seven players who played four SSGs of 7 minutes, interspersed with 4 minutes of passive recovery. The only modification to the SSG format was pitch length: 60 m (SSG60), 50 m (SSG50), 40 m (SSG40), and 30 m (SSG30), while the width of the field was kept constant at 40 m. The variables used to characterize collective behavior were grouped in a) intra-team variables, namely, team length (L), team width (W), effective area of team play or convex hull (CH), and stretch index (SI); and b) inter-team variables, namely distance between centroids (DC), length of both teams (L2), width of both teams (W2), convex hull of both teams (CH2), and stretch index of both teams (SI2). Our results revealed different intra and inter-team behaviors according to SSG format and player age. L, CH, SI, DC, L2, CH2, and SI2 all increased with increasing pitch length, while W and W2 showed only minimal changes. The differences were greater in the U13 group, suggesting that younger players were more likely to vary their collective behavior in response to changes to pitch length, inter-task, particularly in the longer pitches (SSG50 and SSG60). Conversely, using the analysis of the entropy, greater unpredictability of tactical behavior was observed in the U14 group, intra-task, compared with the U13 group. Overall, the findings suggest that responses to task constraints, such as modifications to pitch length and accordingly relative area of play, are dependent on age (experience, skill) and this is something coaches should consider when designing SSGs to develop team tactics.

ACS Style

Julen Castellano; Eneko Fernández; Ibon Echeazarra; Daniel Barreira; Julio Garganta. Influencia de la longitud del campo en los comportamientos inter e intra -equipo en jóvenes jugadores de fútbol. Anales de Psicología 2017, 33, 486 -496.

AMA Style

Julen Castellano, Eneko Fernández, Ibon Echeazarra, Daniel Barreira, Julio Garganta. Influencia de la longitud del campo en los comportamientos inter e intra -equipo en jóvenes jugadores de fútbol. Anales de Psicología. 2017; 33 (3):486-496.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Julen Castellano; Eneko Fernández; Ibon Echeazarra; Daniel Barreira; Julio Garganta. 2017. "Influencia de la longitud del campo en los comportamientos inter e intra -equipo en jóvenes jugadores de fútbol." Anales de Psicología 33, no. 3: 486-496.

Original research article
Published: 06 June 2017 in Frontiers in Psychology
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The aim of the study was to assess the relationship of external and internal training load (TL) indicators with the objective and subjective fatigue experienced by fifteen semi-professional football players, over 8 complete weeks of the competition period in the 2015-2016 season, which covered microcycles from 34th to 41st. The maximum heart rate (HRmax) and maximum speed (Vmax) of all the players were previously measured in specific tests. The TL was monitored via questionnaires on perceived exertion (RPE), pulsometers and GPS devices, registering the variables: total distance (TD), player load 2D (PL2D), TD at >80% of the Vmax (TD80), TD in deceleration at 2 m·seg-2 (TDA>2), Edwards (ED), time spent at between 50-80% (50-80%HRmax), 80-90% (80-90%HRmax) and >90% of the HRmax (>90%HRmax), and RPE both respiratory/thoracic (RPEres) and leg/muscular (RPEmus). All the variables were analysed taking into account both the absolute values accumulated over the week and the normalised values in relation to individual mean competition values. Neuromuscular fatigue was measured objectively using the countermovement jump test (CMJ) and subjectively via the Total Quality Recovery (TQR) scale questionnaire. Analytical correlation techniques were later applied within the general linear model. There is a correlation between the fatigue experienced by the player, assessed objectively and subjectively, and the load accumulated over the week, this being assessed in absolute and relative terms. Specifically, the load relative to competition correlated with the physical variables TD (-0.279), PL2D (-0.272), TDD2 (-0.309) and sRPEmus (-0.287). The variables related to heart rate produced a higher correlation with TQR. There is a correlation between objectively and subjectively assessed fatigue and the accumulated TL of a player over the week, with a higher sensitivity being shown when compared to the values related to the demands of competition. Monitoring load and assessing fatigue, we are closer to knowing what the prescription of an adequate dose of training should be in order for a player to be as fresh as possible and in top condition for a match. Normalizing training demands with respect to competition could be an appropriate strategy for individualizing playerTL.

ACS Style

Unai Zurutuza; Julen Castellano; Ibon Echeazarra; David Casamichana. Absolute and Relative Training Load and Its Relation to Fatigue in Football. Frontiers in Psychology 2017, 8, 878 -878.

AMA Style

Unai Zurutuza, Julen Castellano, Ibon Echeazarra, David Casamichana. Absolute and Relative Training Load and Its Relation to Fatigue in Football. Frontiers in Psychology. 2017; 8 ():878-878.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Unai Zurutuza; Julen Castellano; Ibon Echeazarra; David Casamichana. 2017. "Absolute and Relative Training Load and Its Relation to Fatigue in Football." Frontiers in Psychology 8, no. : 878-878.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2017 in Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte
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El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la influencia de un juego reducido (JR) con cuatro larguras diferentes en las demandas físicas en 28 jugadores infantiles de fútbol, divididos en grupos de edad sub13 y sub14. Se jugó un 7 contra 7 (incluido portero) en los siguientes formatos de JR: 60x40m (JR60), 50x40m (JR50), 40x40m (JR40) y 30x40m (JR30), largo por ancho respectivamente. Las variables fueron analizadas a partir de dispositivos GPS: distancia total (DT) y distancia recorrida en rangos absolutos (D0-7, D7-14, D14-17, D17-21 y D>21, todo en Km·h-1) y relativos (D60% de la velocidad máxima individual) de velocidad, ratio trabajo:descanso (W:R), Player Load en tres (PL) y dos (PL2D) planos de movimiento, Exertion Index (EI), Velocidad máxima (Vmax) y Metabolic Power (MP). Los resultados fueron: un aumento de las dimensiones incrementó las demandas físicas en todas las variables excepto en D21, lo que parece indicar que este grupo de edad mostró una mayor respuesta condicional cuando las dimensiones del campo así lo permitieron. Por el contrario, en valores relativos (D60%) los sub13 mostraron mayor carga que sub14. La principal aplicación del estudio permitiría conocer las dimensiones que son adecuadas para cada categoría de edad, para que no supongan estas una limitación desde el punto de vista condicional. Palabras clave: Deporte colectivo, juego reducido, análisis del movimiento, formación. === Abstract The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of one small-sided game (SSG) with four different pitch lengths on the physical demands in young soccer players, within theU13 and U14 age groups. One 7-a-side game (goalkeeper included) was played in the following SSG formats: 60x40m (SSG60), 50x40m (SSG50), 40x40m (SSG40) and 30x40m (SSG30), length times width respectively. Using GPS devices, the variables analyzed were: total distance (TD) and distance covered in absolute ranges (D0-7, D7-14, D14-17, D17-21 and D>21, all in Km·h-1) and relatives (D60% of the individual maximal speed) of velocity, work:rest ratio (W:R); player-load in three (PL) or two (PL2D) planes of movement, Exertion Index (EI), Maximal Velocity (Vmax) and metabolic Power (MP). The results were: when pitch dimensions increase higher values in all variables were found except D40%, in U13 and U14, although it was not the same proportion. U14 had higher values than U13 in the variables DT, EI, MP, Vmax, D17-21 and D>21, suggesting that this age group showed a higher conditional response when field dimensions allow it. To the contrary, in relative values (D60%) the U13 showed higher load scores than U14. The main application of this study would be to know which dimensions are adequate for each age, notwithstanding the limitation of physical conditioning. Key words: Team sport, small-sided game, time motion, training.

ACS Style

Julen Castellano; Ibon Echeazarra; Iban Estéfano. Comparison of the physical demands in sub13 and sub14 football players on a 7-a-side game played with different lengths. Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte 2017, 12, 55 -65.

AMA Style

Julen Castellano, Ibon Echeazarra, Iban Estéfano. Comparison of the physical demands in sub13 and sub14 football players on a 7-a-side game played with different lengths. Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte. 2017; 12 (34):55-65.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Julen Castellano; Ibon Echeazarra; Iban Estéfano. 2017. "Comparison of the physical demands in sub13 and sub14 football players on a 7-a-side game played with different lengths." Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte 12, no. 34: 55-65.

Research article
Published: 11 January 2016 in PLoS ONE
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The aim of the present study is to analyse the influence of different large-sided games (LSGs) on the physical and physiological variables in under-12s (U12) and -13s (U13) soccer players. The effects of the combination of different number of players per team, 7, 9, and 11 (P7, P9, and P11, respectively) with three relative pitch areas, 100, 200, and 300 m2 (A100, A200, and A300, respectively), were analysed in this study. The variables analysed were: 1) global indicator such as total distance (TD); work:rest ratio (W:R); player-load (PL) and maximal speed (Vmax); 2) heart rate (HR) mean and time spent in different intensity zones of HR (90%), and; 3) five absolute (16 Km h-1) and three relative speed categories (60% Vmax). The results support the theory that a change in format (player number and pitch dimensions) affects no similarly in the two players categories. Although it can seem that U13 players are more demanded in this kind of LSG, when the work load is assessed from a relative point of view, great pitch dimensions and/or high number of player per team are involved in the training task to the U12 players. The results of this study could alert to the coaches to avoid some types of LSGs for the U12 players such as: P11 played in A100, A200 or A300, P9 played in A200 or A300 and P7 played in A300 due to that U13>U12 in several physical and physiological variables (W:R, time spent in 84–90%HRmax, distance in 8–13 and 13–16 Km h-1 and time spent in 40–60%Vmax). These results may help youth soccer coaches to plan the progressive introduction of LSGs so that task demands are adapted to the physiological and physical development of participants.

ACS Style

Julen Castellano; Asier Puente; Ibon Echeazarra; Oidui Usabiaga; David Casamichana. Number of Players and Relative Pitch Area per Player: Comparing Their Influence on Heart Rate and Physical Demands in Under-12 and Under-13 Football Players. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0127505 .

AMA Style

Julen Castellano, Asier Puente, Ibon Echeazarra, Oidui Usabiaga, David Casamichana. Number of Players and Relative Pitch Area per Player: Comparing Their Influence on Heart Rate and Physical Demands in Under-12 and Under-13 Football Players. PLoS ONE. 2016; 11 (1):e0127505.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Julen Castellano; Asier Puente; Ibon Echeazarra; Oidui Usabiaga; David Casamichana. 2016. "Number of Players and Relative Pitch Area per Player: Comparing Their Influence on Heart Rate and Physical Demands in Under-12 and Under-13 Football Players." PLoS ONE 11, no. 1: e0127505.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2015 in Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
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The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of different large-sided games on the physical and physiological variables in under-13 soccer players. The effects on heart rate (HR) and physical demands of different number of players (NP) (7, 9, and 11) together with the relative pitch area (RPA) (100, 200, and 300 m) during two 12-minute repetitions were analyzed in this study. The variables analyzed were mean, maximum and different intensity zones of HR; total distance (TD); work:rest ratio (W:R); player load (PL); 5 absolute and 3 relative speed categories. The results support the hypothesis that a change in pitch dimensions affects locomotor activity more than the NP does but also refute the hypothesis that the change in the NP has a greater effect on HR. To be more specific, an increase in the RPA per player (300/200/100 m2) was associated with higher values of the following variables: TD (2,250-2,314/2,003-2,148/1,766-1,845 m), W:R (0.5-0.6/0.4-0.5/0.3 arbitrary unit [AU]), PL (271-306/246-285/229-267 AU), %HRmean (85-88/85-89/81-83%), %HRmax (95-100/97-100/95-98%), and affected the percentage of time spent in both absolute (above 8 km·h(-1)) and relative speed (above 40% Vmax) categories (p ≤ 0.05, effect size: 0.31-0.85). These results may help youth soccer coaches to plan the progressive introduction of large-sided games so that task demands are adapted to the physiological and physical development of participants.

ACS Style

Julen Castellano; Asier Puente; Ibon Echeazarra; David Casamichana. Influence of the Number of Players and the Relative Pitch Area per Player on Heart Rate and Physical Demands in Youth Soccer. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2015, 29, 1683 -1691.

AMA Style

Julen Castellano, Asier Puente, Ibon Echeazarra, David Casamichana. Influence of the Number of Players and the Relative Pitch Area per Player on Heart Rate and Physical Demands in Youth Soccer. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2015; 29 (6):1683-1691.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Julen Castellano; Asier Puente; Ibon Echeazarra; David Casamichana. 2015. "Influence of the Number of Players and the Relative Pitch Area per Player on Heart Rate and Physical Demands in Youth Soccer." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 29, no. 6: 1683-1691.