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Daniel Lee
Amherst H. Wilder Foundation, Wilder Research, Saint Paul, MN 55104, USA

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Journal article
Published: 01 June 2021 in Urban Science
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Background:Aim: To examine racial/ethnic variations in the effect of parents’ subjective neighborhood safety on children’s cognitive performance. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 10,027 children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The exposure variable was parents’ subjective neighborhood safety. The outcomes were three domains of children’s cognitive performance: general cognitive performance, executive functioning, and learning/memory. We used mixed-effects regression models for data analysis. Results: Overall, parents’ subjective neighborhood safety was positively associated with children’s executive functioning, but not general cognitive performance or learning/memory. Higher parents’ subjective neighborhood safety had a more positive influence on the executive functioning of non-Hispanic White than Asian American children. Higher parents’ subjective neighborhood safety was associated with higher general cognitive performance and learning/memory for non-White children relative to non-Hispanic White children. Conclusion: The race/ethnicity of children moderates the association between neighborhood safety and cognitive performance. This becomes more complicated, as the patterns seem to differ across ethnicity and cognitive domains. It is unknown whether the observed racial/ethnic variations in the effect of neighborhood safety on cognitive performance are neighborhood characteristics such as residential segregation. Addressing neighborhood inequalities is needed if we wish to reduce racial/ethnic inequities in the cognitive development of children.

ACS Style

Shervin Assari; Shanika Boyce; Ritesh Mistry; Alvin Thomas; Harvey Nicholson; Ryon Cobb; Adolfo Cuevas; Daniel Lee; Mohsen Bazargan; Cleopatra Caldwell; Tommy Curry; Marc Zimmerman. Parents’ Perceived Neighborhood Safety and Children’s Cognitive Performance: Complexities by Race, Ethnicity, and Cognitive Domain. Urban Science 2021, 5, 46 .

AMA Style

Shervin Assari, Shanika Boyce, Ritesh Mistry, Alvin Thomas, Harvey Nicholson, Ryon Cobb, Adolfo Cuevas, Daniel Lee, Mohsen Bazargan, Cleopatra Caldwell, Tommy Curry, Marc Zimmerman. Parents’ Perceived Neighborhood Safety and Children’s Cognitive Performance: Complexities by Race, Ethnicity, and Cognitive Domain. Urban Science. 2021; 5 (2):46.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shervin Assari; Shanika Boyce; Ritesh Mistry; Alvin Thomas; Harvey Nicholson; Ryon Cobb; Adolfo Cuevas; Daniel Lee; Mohsen Bazargan; Cleopatra Caldwell; Tommy Curry; Marc Zimmerman. 2021. "Parents’ Perceived Neighborhood Safety and Children’s Cognitive Performance: Complexities by Race, Ethnicity, and Cognitive Domain." Urban Science 5, no. 2: 46.

Articles
Published: 27 December 2018 in Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse
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While racial discrimination (RD) is associated with increased alcohol-related problems among African Americans (AAs), researchers have not examined how RD contributes to the physical consequences of alcohol consumption over time. In addition, the protective role of religious coping has been discussed but not formally tested in pathways connecting RD to the physical consequences of alcohol consumption. To address this gap, we estimated latent growth mediation models in a sample of 465 AA emerging adults. We found that RD increased physical consequences of alcohol consumption over time through psychological distress. After identifying two profiles of religious coping (i.e., low and high religious coping), RD indirectly influenced the physical consequences of alcohol consumption through psychological distress among AAs in the low religious coping group. Our results signal the importance of developing alcohol-misuse prevention programs that address the psychological consequences of RD. Integrating culturally tailored coping strategies (e.g., religious coping) may bolster the efficacy of these prevention programs.

ACS Style

Daniel B. Lee; Meredith O. Hope; Justin E. Heinze; Mary Cunningham; Cleopatra H. Caldwell; Marc A. Zimmerman. Psychological pathway from racial discrimination to the physical consequences of alcohol consumption: Religious coping as a protective factor. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 2018, 1 -23.

AMA Style

Daniel B. Lee, Meredith O. Hope, Justin E. Heinze, Mary Cunningham, Cleopatra H. Caldwell, Marc A. Zimmerman. Psychological pathway from racial discrimination to the physical consequences of alcohol consumption: Religious coping as a protective factor. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse. 2018; ():1-23.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel B. Lee; Meredith O. Hope; Justin E. Heinze; Mary Cunningham; Cleopatra H. Caldwell; Marc A. Zimmerman. 2018. "Psychological pathway from racial discrimination to the physical consequences of alcohol consumption: Religious coping as a protective factor." Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse , no. : 1-23.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2018 in Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology
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Our results lay the foundation for future research on racial health disparities by suggesting that contextual factors such as neighborhood racial composition can shape the influence race-based discrimination has on health. (PsycINFO Database Record

ACS Style

Daniel B. Lee; Andria B. Eisman; Sarah A. Stoddard; Melissa K. Peckins; Jason E. Goldstick; Hsing-Fang Hsieh; Jaime Muñoz-Velázquez; Marc A. Zimmerman. Racial discrimination and cortisol in African American emerging adults: The role of neighborhood racial composition. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 2018, 24, 521 -529.

AMA Style

Daniel B. Lee, Andria B. Eisman, Sarah A. Stoddard, Melissa K. Peckins, Jason E. Goldstick, Hsing-Fang Hsieh, Jaime Muñoz-Velázquez, Marc A. Zimmerman. Racial discrimination and cortisol in African American emerging adults: The role of neighborhood racial composition. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology. 2018; 24 (4):521-529.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel B. Lee; Andria B. Eisman; Sarah A. Stoddard; Melissa K. Peckins; Jason E. Goldstick; Hsing-Fang Hsieh; Jaime Muñoz-Velázquez; Marc A. Zimmerman. 2018. "Racial discrimination and cortisol in African American emerging adults: The role of neighborhood racial composition." Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 24, no. 4: 521-529.

Articles
Published: 10 September 2018 in Ethnicity & Health
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Objective: Racial discrimination (RD) is hypothesized to dysregulate the production of stress reactive hormones among African Americans. Psychological processes that may mediate the association between RD and such dysregulation (e.g. cortisol/DHEA ratio) are not well articulated. Organizational religious involvement (ORI) has been discussed as a psychological protective factor within the context of RD, but our understanding of ORI as a physiological protective factor remains limited. We evaluated whether RD was directly and indirectly (through depressive symptoms) associated with an imbalance of cortisol and DHEA hormones, and whether ORI buffered these direct and/or indirect pathways. Design: Data were drawn from the Flint Adolescent Study, an ongoing interview study of youth that began in 1994. Participants were 188 African American emerging adults (47.3% Female, ages 20–22). We used mediation and moderated-mediation analyses, as outlined by Hayes [2012. PROCESS SPSS Macro. [Computer Software and Manual]. http://www.afhayes.com/public/process.pdf], to evaluate the study aims. Results: We found that depressive symptoms mediated the association between RD and the cortisol/DHEA ratio. We also found that depressive symptoms mediated the association between RD and the cortisol/DHEA ratio for individuals reporting low and moderate levels of ORI, but not at high levels. Conclusions: Our findings support the socio-psychobiological model of racism and health [Chae et al. 2011 Chae, D. H., A. M. Nuru-Jeter, K. D. Lincoln, and D. D. Francis. 2011. “Conceptualizing Racial Disparities in Health: Advancement of a Socio-Psychobiological Approach.” Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 8 (1): 63–77. doi:10.1017/S1742058X11000166.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]. “Conceptualizing Racial Disparities in Health: Advancement of a Socio-Psychobiological Approach.” Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 8 (1): 63–77. doi:10.1017/S1742058X11000166] and suggest that the psychological toll of RD can confer physiological consequences. Moreover, ORI may disrupt pathways from RD to cortisol/DHEA ratio by buffering the psychological toll of RD.

ACS Style

Daniel B. Lee; Melissa Peckins; Alison L. Miller; Meredith Hope; Enrique W. Neblett; Shervin Assari; Jaime Muñoz-Velázquez; Marc A. Zimmerman. Pathways from racial discrimination to cortisol/DHEA imbalance: protective role of religious involvement. Ethnicity & Health 2018, 26, 413 -430.

AMA Style

Daniel B. Lee, Melissa Peckins, Alison L. Miller, Meredith Hope, Enrique W. Neblett, Shervin Assari, Jaime Muñoz-Velázquez, Marc A. Zimmerman. Pathways from racial discrimination to cortisol/DHEA imbalance: protective role of religious involvement. Ethnicity & Health. 2018; 26 (3):413-430.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel B. Lee; Melissa Peckins; Alison L. Miller; Meredith Hope; Enrique W. Neblett; Shervin Assari; Jaime Muñoz-Velázquez; Marc A. Zimmerman. 2018. "Pathways from racial discrimination to cortisol/DHEA imbalance: protective role of religious involvement." Ethnicity & Health 26, no. 3: 413-430.

Empirical research
Published: 08 June 2018 in Journal of Youth and Adolescence
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Violence and substance use disproportionately affect African American youth in urban, disadvantaged communities. Expanding positive peer and adult connections is a mechanism by which organized activity participation may reduce risk of negative outcomes. We assessed if organized activity participation decreases the likelihood of later negative outcomes through expanding positive social connections using a parallel mediation model (Wave 1: N = 681; 50% female; Mage = 14.86 years; SD = 0.65). We found indirect effects from participation to cigarette use (b = −0.04, 95% CI: −0.07, −0.01) and violent behavior (b = −0.04; 95% CI: −0.07, −0.01) through positive peer connections. We did not find indirect effects through positive adult connections. This may be because of the notable influence of peers on negative outcomes during adolescence. Organized activities can help youth expand positive peer connections, which, in turn, reduces risk of later negative outcomes. Implications for prevention are discussed.

ACS Style

Andria B. Eisman; Daniel B. Lee; Hsing-Fang Hsieh; Sarah A. Stoddard; Marc A. Zimmerman. More Than Just Keeping Busy: The Protective Effects of Organized Activity Participation on Violence and Substance Use Among Urban Youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 2018, 47, 2231 -2242.

AMA Style

Andria B. Eisman, Daniel B. Lee, Hsing-Fang Hsieh, Sarah A. Stoddard, Marc A. Zimmerman. More Than Just Keeping Busy: The Protective Effects of Organized Activity Participation on Violence and Substance Use Among Urban Youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2018; 47 (10):2231-2242.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andria B. Eisman; Daniel B. Lee; Hsing-Fang Hsieh; Sarah A. Stoddard; Marc A. Zimmerman. 2018. "More Than Just Keeping Busy: The Protective Effects of Organized Activity Participation on Violence and Substance Use Among Urban Youth." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 47, no. 10: 2231-2242.

Research article
Published: 14 December 2017 in Emerging Adulthood
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The association between racial discrimination (discrimination) and problematic alcohol use in African American (AA) emerging adults is well-documented. Few researchers, however, have studied the longitudinal relationship between discrimination and problematic alcohol use among AA male and female emerging adults. In a sample of 681 AAs aged 19–25 (51% male), we explored multiple, distinct trajectories of discrimination and sociodemographic predictors of the trajectory classifications. We also examined the relation between discrimination trajectories and problematic alcohol use and the extent to which sex modified these associations. Collectively, the findings revealed that three trajectories—high-stable, low-rising, and low-declining—characterized discrimination experiences for AA emerging adults. Males in the high-stable trajectory class reported more problematic alcohol use than males in other trajectory classes and all females. These findings lay the foundation for future research that examines gender-specific mechanisms in the discrimination–health link.

ACS Style

Daniel B. Lee; Justin E. Heinze; Enrique W. Neblett; Cleopatra H. Caldwell; Marc A. Zimmerman. Trajectories of Racial Discrimination That Predict Problematic Alcohol Use Among African American Emerging Adults. Emerging Adulthood 2017, 6, 347 -357.

AMA Style

Daniel B. Lee, Justin E. Heinze, Enrique W. Neblett, Cleopatra H. Caldwell, Marc A. Zimmerman. Trajectories of Racial Discrimination That Predict Problematic Alcohol Use Among African American Emerging Adults. Emerging Adulthood. 2017; 6 (5):347-357.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel B. Lee; Justin E. Heinze; Enrique W. Neblett; Cleopatra H. Caldwell; Marc A. Zimmerman. 2017. "Trajectories of Racial Discrimination That Predict Problematic Alcohol Use Among African American Emerging Adults." Emerging Adulthood 6, no. 5: 347-357.

Article
Published: 23 September 2017 in Journal of Behavioral Medicine
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The association between racial discrimination (discrimination) and stress-related alterations in the neuroendocrine response—namely, cortisol secretion—is well documented in African Americans (AAs). Dysregulation in production of cortisol has been implicated as a contributor to racial health disparities. Guided by Clark et al. (Am Psychol 54(10):805–816, 1999. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.10.805) biopsychosocial model of racism and health, the present study examined the psychological pathways that link discrimination to total cortisol concentrations in AA males and females. In a sample of 312 AA emerging adults (45.5% males; ages 21–23), symptoms of anxiety, but not depression, mediated the relation between discrimination and total concentrations of cortisol. In addition, the results did not reveal sex differences in the direct and indirect pathways. These findings advance our understanding of racial health disparities by suggesting that the psychological consequences of discrimination can uniquely promote physiologic dysregulation in AAs.

ACS Style

Daniel B. Lee; Melissa Peckins; Justin E. Heinze; Alison Miller; Shervin Assari; Marc A. Zimmerman. Psychological pathways from racial discrimination to cortisol in African American males and females. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2017, 41, 208 -220.

AMA Style

Daniel B. Lee, Melissa Peckins, Justin E. Heinze, Alison Miller, Shervin Assari, Marc A. Zimmerman. Psychological pathways from racial discrimination to cortisol in African American males and females. Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2017; 41 (2):208-220.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel B. Lee; Melissa Peckins; Justin E. Heinze; Alison Miller; Shervin Assari; Marc A. Zimmerman. 2017. "Psychological pathways from racial discrimination to cortisol in African American males and females." Journal of Behavioral Medicine 41, no. 2: 208-220.