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Prof. Sang-Woo Lee
Konkuk University

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Watershed Management
0 Environmental Planning and Management
0 Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System
0 Landscape ecology and planning
0 Green infrastructure planning

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Watershed Management
Landscape ecology and planning
Spatial analysis and statistics

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Journal article
Published: 02 June 2021 in Sustainability
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It is imperative to develop a methodology to identify river impairment sources, particularly the relative impact of socioeconomic sources, to enhance the efficiency of various river restoration schemes and policies and to have an internal diagnosis system in place. This study, therefore, aims to identify and analyze the relative importance of the socioeconomic factors affecting river ecosystem impairment in South Korea. To achieve this goal, we applied the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to evaluate expert judgement of the relative importance of different socioeconomic factors influencing river ecosystem impairment. Based on a list of socioeconomic factors influencing stream health, an AHP questionnaire was prepared and administered to experts in aquatic ecology. Our analysis reveals that secondary industries form the most significant source of stream ecosystem impairment. Moreover, the most critical socioeconomic factors affecting stream impairment are direct inflow pollution, policy implementation, and industrial wastewater. The results also suggest that the AHP is a rapid and robust approach to assessing the relative importance of different socioeconomic factors that affect river ecosystem health. The results can be used to assist decision makers in focusing on actions to improve river ecosystem health.

ACS Style

Suyeon Kim; Sang-Woo Lee; Se-Rin Park; Yeeun Shin; Kyungjin An. Socioeconomic Risks and Their Impacts on Ecological River Health in South Korea: An Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6287 .

AMA Style

Suyeon Kim, Sang-Woo Lee, Se-Rin Park, Yeeun Shin, Kyungjin An. Socioeconomic Risks and Their Impacts on Ecological River Health in South Korea: An Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):6287.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suyeon Kim; Sang-Woo Lee; Se-Rin Park; Yeeun Shin; Kyungjin An. 2021. "Socioeconomic Risks and Their Impacts on Ecological River Health in South Korea: An Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6287.

Journal article
Published: 13 May 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Multiple studies have been conducted to identify the complex and diverse relationships between stream ecosystems and land cover. However, these studies did not consider spatial dependency inherent from the systemic structure of streams. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the relationship between green/urban areas and topographical variables with biological indicators using regression tree analysis, which considered spatial autocorrelation at two different scales. The results of the principal components analysis suggested that the topographical variables exhibited the highest weights among all components, including biological indicators. Moran′s I values verified spatial autocorrelation of biological indicators; additionally, trophic diatom index, benthic macroinvertebrate index, and fish assessment index values were greater than 0.7. The results of spatial autocorrelation analysis suggested that a significant spatial dependency existed between environmental and biological indicators. Regression tree analysis was conducted for each indicator to compensate for the occurrence of autocorrelation; subsequently, the slope in riparian areas was the first criterion of differentiation for biological condition datasets in all regression trees. These findings suggest that considering spatial autocorrelation for statistical analyses of stream ecosystems, riparian proximity, and topographical characteristics for land use planning around the streams is essential to maintain the healthy biological conditions of streams.

ACS Style

Mi-Young Kim; Sang-Woo Lee. Regression Tree Analysis for Stream Biological Indicators Considering Spatial Autocorrelation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 5150 .

AMA Style

Mi-Young Kim, Sang-Woo Lee. Regression Tree Analysis for Stream Biological Indicators Considering Spatial Autocorrelation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (10):5150.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mi-Young Kim; Sang-Woo Lee. 2021. "Regression Tree Analysis for Stream Biological Indicators Considering Spatial Autocorrelation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10: 5150.

Journal article
Published: 19 March 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The relationships between land cover characteristics in riparian areas and the biological integrity of rivers and streams are critical in riparian area management decision-making. This study aims to evaluate such relationships using the Trophic Diatom Index (TDI), Benthic Macroinvertebrate Index (BMI), Fish Assessment Index (FAI), and random forest regression, which can capture nonlinear and complex relationships with limited training datasets. Our results indicate that the proportions of land cover types in riparian areas, including urban, agricultural, and forested areas, have greater impacts on the biological communities in streams than those offered by land cover spatial patterns. The proportion of forests in riparian areas has the greatest influence on the biological integrity of streams. Partial dependence plots indicate that the biological integrity of streams gradually improves until the proportion of riparian forest areas reach about 60%; it rapidly decreases until riparian urban areas reach 25%, and declines significantly when the riparian agricultural area ranges from 20% to 40%. Overall, this study highlights the importance of riparian forests in the planning, restoration, and management of streams, and suggests that partial dependence plots may serve to provide insightful quantitative criteria for defining specific objectives that managers and decision-makers can use to improve stream conditions.

ACS Style

Se-Rin Park; Suyeon Kim; Sang-Woo Lee. Evaluating the Relationships between Riparian Land Cover Characteristics and Biological Integrity of Streams Using Random Forest Algorithms. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 3182 .

AMA Style

Se-Rin Park, Suyeon Kim, Sang-Woo Lee. Evaluating the Relationships between Riparian Land Cover Characteristics and Biological Integrity of Streams Using Random Forest Algorithms. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (6):3182.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Se-Rin Park; Suyeon Kim; Sang-Woo Lee. 2021. "Evaluating the Relationships between Riparian Land Cover Characteristics and Biological Integrity of Streams Using Random Forest Algorithms." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 3182.

Journal article
Published: 18 March 2021 in Sustainability
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Understanding the complex human and natural processes that occur in watersheds and stream ecosystems is critical for decision makers and planners to ensure healthy stream ecosystems. This study aims to characterize the Han River watershed in Korea and extract key relationships among watershed attributes and biological indicators of streams using principal component analysis (PCA) and self-organizing maps (SOM). This study integrated watershed attributes and biological indicators of streams to delineate the watershed and stream biological status. Results from PCA strongly suggested that the proportions of watershed and riparian land use are key factors that explain the total variance in the datasets. Forest land in the watershed appeared to be the most significant factor. Furthermore, SOM planes showed that the biological indicators of streams have strong positive relationships with forest land, well-drained soil, and slope, whereas they have inverse relationships with urban areas, agricultural areas, and poorly drained soil. Hierarchical clustering classified the watersheds into three clusters, exclusively located in the study areas depending on the degree of forest, urban, and agricultural areas. The findings of this study suggest that different management strategies should be established depending on the characteristics of a cluster to improve the biological condition of streams.

ACS Style

Se-Rin Park; Soon-Jin Hwang; Kyungjin An; Sang-Woo Lee. Identifying Key Watershed Characteristics That Affect the Biological Integrity of Streams in the Han River Watershed, Korea. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3359 .

AMA Style

Se-Rin Park, Soon-Jin Hwang, Kyungjin An, Sang-Woo Lee. Identifying Key Watershed Characteristics That Affect the Biological Integrity of Streams in the Han River Watershed, Korea. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (6):3359.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Se-Rin Park; Soon-Jin Hwang; Kyungjin An; Sang-Woo Lee. 2021. "Identifying Key Watershed Characteristics That Affect the Biological Integrity of Streams in the Han River Watershed, Korea." Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3359.

Journal article
Published: 04 March 2021 in Land
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Advances in 3D printing technology are giving rise to attempts to utilize the technology in various fields, including landscape design. However, exploring the potential of 3D printing technology has been largely neglected in the context of landscape design and education. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the implication of 3D printing technology for both education and practice in landscape design. We analyzed the literature and examined the current state of 3D printing technology. We also conducted case studies with secondary school students and landscape practitioners to assess the implementation of the technology. Secondary school students demonstrated positive responses, such as increased interest and participation and improvement of understanding, through workshops using 3D-printed models. The semi-structured interviews with landscape practitioners on the implication of the technology confirmed the limitations of 3D printing in terms of cost, delivery time, scale, and level of detail.

ACS Style

Suyeon Kim; Yeeun Shin; Jinsil Park; Sang-Woo Lee; Kyungjin An. Exploring the Potential of 3D Printing Technology in Landscape Design Process. Land 2021, 10, 259 .

AMA Style

Suyeon Kim, Yeeun Shin, Jinsil Park, Sang-Woo Lee, Kyungjin An. Exploring the Potential of 3D Printing Technology in Landscape Design Process. Land. 2021; 10 (3):259.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suyeon Kim; Yeeun Shin; Jinsil Park; Sang-Woo Lee; Kyungjin An. 2021. "Exploring the Potential of 3D Printing Technology in Landscape Design Process." Land 10, no. 3: 259.

Journal article
Published: 30 October 2020 in Sustainability
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As climate change-induced weather variability increases, various green infrastructure plans, such as stream ecosystems, have been studied to overcome ecological and environmental problems arising from extreme weather events; however, our understanding of them and their resilience to extreme weather events is considerably limited. This study proposes a multicriteria inventory classification while planning green infrastructure for resilient stream ecosystems under extreme weather events. Literature reviews, expert surveys, and reliability/validity analyses were used to enlist indicators for this classification. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (fuzzy AHP) were used to compute the weights and ranks of indicators for identifying critical indices while planning green infrastructure. The AHP and fuzzy AHP analysis suggested that meteorological phenomena and disasters, hydraulic characteristic of streams, land use/geographic characteristics, and experience/damage restoration were important factors. High weights were attributed to aquatic ecology, potentially vulnerable areas, population, topography, and heat waves. The weights and ranks attributed by AHP and fuzzy AHP varied slightly, but the indicator groups with high and low weights were the same; hence, primary indicators to be considered while planning green infrastructure for resilient stream ecosystems could be suggested. These results could be used as a preliminary analysis in establishing countermeasures against climate change or in distributing budgets for green infrastructure plans.

ACS Style

Yujin Park; SangWoo Lee; Junga Lee. Comparison of Fuzzy AHP and AHP in Multicriteria Inventory Classification While Planning Green Infrastructure for Resilient Stream Ecosystems. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9035 .

AMA Style

Yujin Park, SangWoo Lee, Junga Lee. Comparison of Fuzzy AHP and AHP in Multicriteria Inventory Classification While Planning Green Infrastructure for Resilient Stream Ecosystems. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):9035.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yujin Park; SangWoo Lee; Junga Lee. 2020. "Comparison of Fuzzy AHP and AHP in Multicriteria Inventory Classification While Planning Green Infrastructure for Resilient Stream Ecosystems." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 9035.

Journal article
Published: 07 July 2020 in Sustainability
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Urban environmental issues such as declining air quality and increasing urban heat island effects can be managed by the effective use of urban green spaces. Consequently, the importance of green infrastructure (GI) has rapidly increased over time. While the various functions of GI have been investigated in numerous studies, limited research has focused on prioritizing those factors which impact the planning and development of GI. This study used literature reviews, expert surveys, and an analytic hierarchy process methodology to identify and prioritize the critical factors influencing GI during the design and construction process to enhance the role of GI in urban areas. Experts were asked to prioritize four primary (ecological, landscape, usability, and economic factors) and 16 secondary aspects of GI design. Respondents strongly agreed on the importance of the ecological aspects of GI, while the government sector also highlighted the importance of economic concerns, such as ongoing maintenance. Results indicated that the priorities for creating GI require further analysis and mediation between stakeholders. Further empirical evidence should be accumulated regarding the functions of GI for policy implementation in design and construction.

ACS Style

Yeeun Shin; Suyeon Kim; Sang-Woo Lee; Kyungjin An. Identifying the Planning Priorities for Green Infrastructure within Urban Environments Using Analytic Hierarchy Process. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5468 .

AMA Style

Yeeun Shin, Suyeon Kim, Sang-Woo Lee, Kyungjin An. Identifying the Planning Priorities for Green Infrastructure within Urban Environments Using Analytic Hierarchy Process. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (13):5468.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yeeun Shin; Suyeon Kim; Sang-Woo Lee; Kyungjin An. 2020. "Identifying the Planning Priorities for Green Infrastructure within Urban Environments Using Analytic Hierarchy Process." Sustainability 12, no. 13: 5468.

Journal article
Published: 07 May 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Ecosystem services depend on the interrelation between people and the environment, and people are increasingly recognizing the social value of ecosystem services. Based on humans needs related to the values of ecosystem services, riparian greenways, properly planned and managed for resiliency, could provide great opportunities for social ecological change and transformation toward sustainability. We focus on the ecosystem service values of such greenways based on resilience in urban communities. The purpose of this study is to assess the social value of ecosystem services for resilient riparian greenway planning and management based on a survey of residents living near the Yangjaecheon riparian greenway in Gwacheon, South Korea. First, cluster analysis was performed with data from 485 completed surveys to identify different groups of respondents. Importance-performance analysis (IPA) was then applied to develop planning and management guidance for the riparian greenway based on group characteristics. Two distinct groups were identified: the Strong Social Value of Ecosystem Services group and the Neutral Social Value of Ecosystem Services group. Different distributions were found between the two groups based on gender and residency period, and significant differences were also found for age and familiarity with the riparian greenway. The results show what each group perceived to be important and how well the riparian greenway met their expectations regarding ecosystem services. These results indicate the perceived value of ecosystem services on the basis of the group characteristics, helping establish the direction for resilient riparian greenway planning and management approaches.

ACS Style

Junga Lee; Byoung-Suk Kweon; Christopher D. Ellis; Sang-Woo Lee. Assessing the Social Value of Ecosystem Services for Resilient Riparian Greenway Planning and Management in an Urban Community. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 3261 .

AMA Style

Junga Lee, Byoung-Suk Kweon, Christopher D. Ellis, Sang-Woo Lee. Assessing the Social Value of Ecosystem Services for Resilient Riparian Greenway Planning and Management in an Urban Community. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (9):3261.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Junga Lee; Byoung-Suk Kweon; Christopher D. Ellis; Sang-Woo Lee. 2020. "Assessing the Social Value of Ecosystem Services for Resilient Riparian Greenway Planning and Management in an Urban Community." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3261.

Journal article
Published: 23 March 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The extent of anthropogenic land use in watersheds determines the amount of pollutants discharged to streams. This indirectly and directly affects stream water quality and biological health. Most studies have therefore focused on ways to reduce non-point pollution sources to streams from the surrounding land use in watersheds. However, the mechanistic pathways between land use and the deterioration of stream water quality and biological assemblages remain unclear. This study estimated a structural equation model (SEM) representing the impact of agricultural and urban land use on water quality and the benthic macroinvertebrate index (BMI) using IBM AMOS in the Nam-Han river systems, South Korea. The estimated SEM showed that the percent of urban and agricultural land in the watersheds significantly affected both the water quality and the BMI of the streams. Specifically, a higher percent of urban land use had directly increased the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total phosphorus (TP), and deteriorated the BMI of streams. Similarly, higher proportions of agricultural land use had also directly increased the BOD, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations, and lowered the BMI of streams. In addition, it was observed that the percent of urban and agricultural land use had indirectly deteriorated the BMI through increased BOD. However, we were not able to observe any significant indirect effect of the percent of urban and agricultural land use through increased nutrients including TN and TP. These results indicate that increased urban and agricultural land use in the watersheds had directly and indirectly affected the physicochemical characteristics and benthic macroinvertebrate communities in streams. Our findings emphasize the need to develop more elaborate environmental management and restoration strategies to improve the water quality and biological status of streams.

ACS Style

Jong-Won Lee; Sang-Woo Lee; Kyung-Jin An; Soon-Jin Hwang; Nan-Young Kim. An Estimated Structural Equation Model to Assess the Effects of Land Use on Water Quality and Benthic Macroinvertebrates in Streams of the Nam-Han River System, South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 2116 .

AMA Style

Jong-Won Lee, Sang-Woo Lee, Kyung-Jin An, Soon-Jin Hwang, Nan-Young Kim. An Estimated Structural Equation Model to Assess the Effects of Land Use on Water Quality and Benthic Macroinvertebrates in Streams of the Nam-Han River System, South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (6):2116.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jong-Won Lee; Sang-Woo Lee; Kyung-Jin An; Soon-Jin Hwang; Nan-Young Kim. 2020. "An Estimated Structural Equation Model to Assess the Effects of Land Use on Water Quality and Benthic Macroinvertebrates in Streams of the Nam-Han River System, South Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6: 2116.

Journal article
Published: 04 March 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Understanding the complex relationships between land use and stream water quality is critical for water pollution control and watershed management. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between land use types and water quality indicators at multiple spatial scales, namely, the watershed and riparian scales, using the ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models. GWR extended traditional regression models, such as OLS to address the spatial variations among variables. Our results indicated that the water quality indicators were significantly affected by agricultural and forested areas at both scales. We found that extensive agricultural land use had negative effects on water quality indicators, whereas, forested areas had positive effects on these indicators. The results also indicated that the watershed scale is effective for management and regulation of watershed land use, as the predictive power of the models is much greater at the watershed scale. The maps of estimated local parameters and local R2 in GWR models showcased the spatially varying relationships and indicated that the effects of land use on water quality varied over space. The results of this study reinforced the importance of watershed management in the planning, restoration, and management of stream water quality. It is also suggested that planners and managers may need to adopt different strategies, considering watershed characteristics—such as topographic features and meteorological conditions—and the source of pollutants, in managing stream water quality.

ACS Style

Se-Rin Park; Sang-Woo Lee. Spatially Varying and Scale-Dependent Relationships of Land Use Types with Stream Water Quality. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 1673 .

AMA Style

Se-Rin Park, Sang-Woo Lee. Spatially Varying and Scale-Dependent Relationships of Land Use Types with Stream Water Quality. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (5):1673.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Se-Rin Park; Sang-Woo Lee. 2020. "Spatially Varying and Scale-Dependent Relationships of Land Use Types with Stream Water Quality." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5: 1673.

Journal article
Published: 16 September 2019 in Sustainability
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Due to anthropogenic activities within watersheds and riparian areas, stream water quality and ecological communities have been significantly affected by degradation of watershed and stream environments. One critical indicator of anthropogenic activities within watersheds and riparian areas is forest fragmentation, which has been directly linked to poor water quality and ecosystem health in streams. However, the true nature of the relationship between forest fragmentation and stream ecosystem health has not been fully elucidated due to its complex underlying mechanism. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of riparian fragmented forest with biological indicators including diatoms, macroinvertebrates, and fish. In addition, we investigated variations in these relationships over multiple riparian scales. Fragmentation metrics, including the number of forest patches (NP), proportion of riparian forest (PLAND), largest riparian forest patch ratio (LPI), and spatial proximity of riparian forest patches (DIVISION), were used to quantify the degree of fragmentation of riparian forests, and the trophic diatom index (TDI), benthic macroinvertebrates index (BMI), and fish assessment index (FAI) were used to represent the biological condition of diatoms, macroinvertebrates, and fish in streams. PLAND and LPI showed positive relationships with TDI, BMI, and FAI, whereas NP and DIVISION were negatively associated with biological indicators at multiple scales. Biological conditions in streams were clearly better when riparian forests were less fragmented. The relationships of NP and PLAND with biological indicators were stronger at a larger riparian scale, whereas relationships of LPI and DIVISION with biological indicators were weaker at a large scale. These results suggest that a much larger spatial range of riparian forests should be considered in forest management and restoration to enhance the biological condition of streams.

ACS Style

Yirigui Yirigui; Sang-Woo Lee; A. Pouyan Nejadhashemi. Multi-Scale Assessment of Relationships between Fragmentation of Riparian Forests and Biological Conditions in Streams. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5060 .

AMA Style

Yirigui Yirigui, Sang-Woo Lee, A. Pouyan Nejadhashemi. Multi-Scale Assessment of Relationships between Fragmentation of Riparian Forests and Biological Conditions in Streams. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (18):5060.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yirigui Yirigui; Sang-Woo Lee; A. Pouyan Nejadhashemi. 2019. "Multi-Scale Assessment of Relationships between Fragmentation of Riparian Forests and Biological Conditions in Streams." Sustainability 11, no. 18: 5060.

Journal article
Published: 04 September 2019 in Sustainability
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With recent declines in air quality, the significance of urban green spaces and their ecological functions have rapidly increased, especially with regard to the reduction of particulate matter. Various investigations regarding particle reduction in urban green spaces have been conducted; however, specific guidelines to establish empirical data for green spaces and to inform related policies are still lacking. Thus, this study aims to categorize experts’ perceptions of green spaces through Q-methodology and to identify ways to form a consensus, establish policies in the design and construction process, ultimately aiming to enhance particle reduction effects in urban green spaces. As a result, experts’ perceptions were classified into three categories: ‘active support,’ ‘skeptical,’ and ‘passive support’ groups. Experts’ opinions on the particle reduction effects of urban green areas are overarchingly agreed upon; however, the priorities involved and methods used in augmenting green space integration require further analysis and mediation. Additionally, further empirical evidence should be accumulated on the particulate matter reduction effects of urban green areas, including the quantification of particle concentration reduction in urban green spaces and considerations for policy establishment in design and construction.

ACS Style

Suyeon Kim; SeokJun Han; Sang-Woo Lee; Kyungjin An. Experts’ Perceptions on the Particulate Matter Reduction Effects of Green Open Space. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4835 .

AMA Style

Suyeon Kim, SeokJun Han, Sang-Woo Lee, Kyungjin An. Experts’ Perceptions on the Particulate Matter Reduction Effects of Green Open Space. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (18):4835.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suyeon Kim; SeokJun Han; Sang-Woo Lee; Kyungjin An. 2019. "Experts’ Perceptions on the Particulate Matter Reduction Effects of Green Open Space." Sustainability 11, no. 18: 4835.

Journal article
Published: 02 August 2019 in Sustainability
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Exposure to green spaces can reduce the negative effects of stress. This study examines how frequency of visits and time spent in urban green spaces (UGS) affect urban dwellers’ subjective well-being. We also investigated the numbers of respondents visiting UGS, their primary motivation, and constraints on their ability to visit. Using quota sampling, an online survey was conducted of 400 residents of Daejeon City, South Korea. ANOVA results indicated no significant interactions between visit frequency and time spent in UGS. Respondents who had visited UGS within the past two weeks expressed higher positive and lower negative emotions than did non-visitors, regardless of visit frequency, and regular visitors showed higher general life satisfaction levels. These positive effects were confirmed by estimated structural equation models. However, the time spent in UGS did not affect emotions or life satisfaction in general. Heavy users mostly visited UGS to walk, and light/non-users cited the lack of urban green spaces near their home as the major constraint on visiting UGS. The estimated structural equation models clearly show positive effects from motivation and negative effects of constraints and access time to UGS on visit frequency. To improve urban dwellers’ subjective well-being, UGS should prioritize good walking environments and accessibility.

ACS Style

Sung-Kwon Hong; Sang-Woo Lee; Hyun-Kil Jo; Miyeon Yoo. Impact of Frequency of Visits and Time Spent in Urban Green Space on Subjective Well-Being. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4189 .

AMA Style

Sung-Kwon Hong, Sang-Woo Lee, Hyun-Kil Jo, Miyeon Yoo. Impact of Frequency of Visits and Time Spent in Urban Green Space on Subjective Well-Being. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (15):4189.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sung-Kwon Hong; Sang-Woo Lee; Hyun-Kil Jo; Miyeon Yoo. 2019. "Impact of Frequency of Visits and Time Spent in Urban Green Space on Subjective Well-Being." Sustainability 11, no. 15: 4189.

Journal article
Published: 20 May 2019 in Sustainability
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Anthropogenic activities, such as land use and land cover modifications in riparian areas, can alter the degree of fragmentation of riparian vegetation, lead to the degradation of stream habitats, and affect biological communities in the streams. The characteristics of the riparian forests can modify the condition of stream environments and the transporting mechanisms of materials, sediments, nutrients, and pollutants loaded from the watersheds. This study aimed to examine the relationships between forest fragmentation and three biological indicators of trophic diatom, benthic macroinvertebrate, and the fish assessment in the Nakdong River, Korea. Eighty-nine biological assessment sampling sites in the National Aquatic Ecological Monitoring Program of South Korea were identified. For each sampling site, riparian forest data within a 500 m radius were extracted from national LULC using GIS to compute fragmentation metrics using FRAGSTATS software. Four fragmentation metrics—number of forest patches, percentage of riparian forest cover (PLAND), largest riparian forest patch index (LPI), and riparian forest division index (DIVISION)—were correlated with the biological indicators. Also, due to severe spatial autocorrelation among observations, the fragmentation metrics and stream environmental variables were regressed to biological indicators using regression tree analysis. Our results indicate that the biological indicators were significantly associated with most forest fragmentation metrics. We found positive correlations of PLAND and LPI with biological indicators, whereas DIVISION was negatively correlated with biological indicators. Both correlation and regression tree analyses revealed that the biological conditions of streams were likely to be better if riparian forests are less fragmented. Particularly, stronger relationships were revealed between macroinvertebrates and fish with the fragmentation metrics of riparian forests than with benthic diatoms. However, these relationships varied with elevation, stream size, and slope conditions. The results of this study reinforced the importance of including riparian forests in the planning, restoration, and management of stream environments. These results also suggested that planners and managers may need to consider different strategies for different stream environments and topographic characteristics in managing riparian forests.

ACS Style

Yirigui Yirigui; Sang-Woo Lee; A. Pouyan Nejadhashemi; Matthew R. Herman; Jong-Won Lee. Relationships between Riparian Forest Fragmentation and Biological Indicators of Streams. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2870 .

AMA Style

Yirigui Yirigui, Sang-Woo Lee, A. Pouyan Nejadhashemi, Matthew R. Herman, Jong-Won Lee. Relationships between Riparian Forest Fragmentation and Biological Indicators of Streams. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (10):2870.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yirigui Yirigui; Sang-Woo Lee; A. Pouyan Nejadhashemi; Matthew R. Herman; Jong-Won Lee. 2019. "Relationships between Riparian Forest Fragmentation and Biological Indicators of Streams." Sustainability 11, no. 10: 2870.

Journal article
Published: 15 July 2018 in Sustainability
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Due to its significant roles in post-fire responses of forest ecosystem, numerous studies have been investigating factors affecting burn severity. In the broad sense, topography, fuels, and fire weather, known as the forest fire triangle, determine the degree of burn severity. Most previous studies have adopted ordinary least squares (OLS) methods to investigate these factors, which have proven effective for capturing the direct and linear effects of those variables on burn severity. However, they oversimplify the relationships among variables and have limitations in explaining the complex effects of the variables. One way to overcome this limitation is the structural equation model (SEM) method. SEM can decompose effects of a variable into direct effects and indirect (i.e., acting through other variables) effects. The goal of this study is to capture a systematic structure, explaining how topographic characteristics including slope, elevation, topographic wetness index (TWI), solar radiation index (SRI), and susceptible forest cover type (i.e., Japanese red pine) affect burn severity. We built a hypothetical SEM and estimated the model in AMOS. The results strongly suggest that the effects of topographic characteristics are far more complex than those suggested by the OLS analyses in previous studies. Specifically, elevation and TWI had direct and indirect negative effects on burn severity, while slope and SRI had only an indirect positive effect, which was not captured in the linear regression model. Nonetheless, the percentage of red pine showed the strongest positive effect on burn severity (i.e., increasing burn severity). The results of this study and those of previous studies reinforce the importance of controlling susceptible forest cover through forest management and silviculture.

ACS Style

Eujin-Julia Kim; Sang-Woo Lee. Structural Equation Model for Burn Severity with Topographic Variables and Susceptible Forest Cover. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2473 .

AMA Style

Eujin-Julia Kim, Sang-Woo Lee. Structural Equation Model for Burn Severity with Topographic Variables and Susceptible Forest Cover. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (7):2473.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eujin-Julia Kim; Sang-Woo Lee. 2018. "Structural Equation Model for Burn Severity with Topographic Variables and Susceptible Forest Cover." Sustainability 10, no. 7: 2473.

Journal article
Published: 13 July 2018 in Sustainability
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It is important to integrate user preferences and demands into the design, planning, and management of urban forests. This is particularly important in highly urbanized areas where land is extremely limited. Based on a survey with 600 participants selected by quota sampling in Seoul, Korea, we developed a conjoint choice model for determining the preferences of urban dwellers on urban forest attributes, the levels of attributes, and the preferences for particular attributes. Then, the preferences were transformed into monetary values. The results indicated that urban dwellers preferred broadleaved forests over coniferous forests, soil-type pavement materials over porous elastic pavement materials on trails, and relatively flat trails over trails with steep slopes. The model indicated that participants were willing to pay an additional 11.42 USD to change coniferous forest to broadleaved forest, 15.09 USD to alter porous elastic pavement materials on trails to soil-type pavement materials on trails, and 23.8 USD to modify steeply sloping trails to relatively flat trails. As previously reported, considerable distance decay effects have been observed in the user preferences for urban forests. We also found a significant difference in the amount of the mean marginal willingness to pay among sociodemographic subgroups. In particular, there were significant positive responses from the male group to changes in urban forest attributes and their levels in terms of their willingness to pay additional funds. By contrast, the elderly group had the opposite response. In this study, we were not able to integrate locality and spatial variation in user preferences for urban forests derived from locational characteristics. In future studies, the role of limiting factors in user preferences for urban forests and their attributes should be considered.

ACS Style

Sung-Kwon Hong; Ju-Mi Kim; Hyun-Kil Jo; Sang-Woo Lee. Monetary Valuation of Urban Forest Attributes in Highly Developed Urban Environments: An Experimental Study Using a Conjoint Choice Model. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2461 .

AMA Style

Sung-Kwon Hong, Ju-Mi Kim, Hyun-Kil Jo, Sang-Woo Lee. Monetary Valuation of Urban Forest Attributes in Highly Developed Urban Environments: An Experimental Study Using a Conjoint Choice Model. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (7):2461.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sung-Kwon Hong; Ju-Mi Kim; Hyun-Kil Jo; Sang-Woo Lee. 2018. "Monetary Valuation of Urban Forest Attributes in Highly Developed Urban Environments: An Experimental Study Using a Conjoint Choice Model." Sustainability 10, no. 7: 2461.

Journal article
Published: 09 May 2018 in Sustainability
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The objective of this study was to determine the effect of prior knowledge and visual evaluation on supports for rain garden installations. To achieve this objective, a survey was conducted to obtain prior knowledge of rain gardens, rain garden implementation support ratings, and visual evaluation of rain gardens in 100 visitors of three rain garden sites. Results of the analysis revealed that users’ visual evaluation of rain gardens played a role as a moderator in the relationship between prior knowledge and support for rain garden installations. In other words, education and publicity of rain gardens alone cannot increase support for rain gardens. However, if rain gardens are visually evaluated positively, the effects of education and publicity of rain gardens can be expected. Therefore, to successfully apply a rain garden policy in the future, basic consideration should be given to aesthetics in order to meet visitors’ visual expectations prior to education and publicity of rain gardens.

ACS Style

Suyeon Kim; Sang-Woo Lee; Jongwon Lee; Kyungjin An. Exploring the Relationship between Prior Knowledge on Rain Gardens and Supports for Adopting Rain Gardens Using a Structural Equation Model. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1500 .

AMA Style

Suyeon Kim, Sang-Woo Lee, Jongwon Lee, Kyungjin An. Exploring the Relationship between Prior Knowledge on Rain Gardens and Supports for Adopting Rain Gardens Using a Structural Equation Model. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (5):1500.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suyeon Kim; Sang-Woo Lee; Jongwon Lee; Kyungjin An. 2018. "Exploring the Relationship between Prior Knowledge on Rain Gardens and Supports for Adopting Rain Gardens Using a Structural Equation Model." Sustainability 10, no. 5: 1500.

Journal article
Published: 24 January 2018 in Sustainability
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Forest fires and burn severity mosaics have profound impacts on the post-fire dynamics and complexity of forest ecosystems. Numerous studies have investigated the relationship between topographic variables and susceptible tree covers with regard to burn severity. However, these relationships have not been fully elucidated, because most studies have assumed linearity in these relationships. Therefore, we examined the linearity and the nonlinearity in the relationships between topographic variables and susceptible tree covers with burn severity by comparing linear and nonlinear models. The site of the Samcheok fire, the largest recorded forest fire in Korea, was used as the study area. We generated 802 grid cells with a 500-m resolution that encompassed the entire study area and collected a dataset that included the topographic variables and percentage of red pine trees, which are the most susceptible tree cover types in Korea. We used conventional linear models and generalized additive models to estimate the linear and the nonlinear models based on topographic variables and Japanese red pine trees. The results revealed that the percentage of red pine trees had linear effects on burn severity, reinforcing the importance of silviculture and forest management to lower burn severity. Meanwhile, the topographic variables had nonlinear effects on burn severity. Among the topographic variables, elevation had the strongest nonlinear effect on burn severity, possibly by overriding the effects of susceptible fuels over elevation effects or due to the nonlinear effects of topographic characteristics on pre-fire fuel conditions, including the spatial distribution and availability of susceptible tree cover. To validate and generalize the nonlinear effects of elevation and other topographic variables, additional research is required at different fire sites with different tree cover types in different geographic locations.

ACS Style

Hyun-Joo Lee; Yun Eui Choi; Sang-Woo Lee. Complex Relationships of the Effects of Topographic Characteristics and Susceptible Tree Cover on Burn Severity. Sustainability 2018, 10, 295 .

AMA Style

Hyun-Joo Lee, Yun Eui Choi, Sang-Woo Lee. Complex Relationships of the Effects of Topographic Characteristics and Susceptible Tree Cover on Burn Severity. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (2):295.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hyun-Joo Lee; Yun Eui Choi; Sang-Woo Lee. 2018. "Complex Relationships of the Effects of Topographic Characteristics and Susceptible Tree Cover on Burn Severity." Sustainability 10, no. 2: 295.

Journal article
Published: 24 September 2017 in Sustainability
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Recent health threats from fine particles of PM2.5 have been warned by various health organisations including the World Health Organisation (WHO) and other international governmental agencies. Due to the recognised threats of such particulate materials within urban areas, counter measures against PM2.5 have been largely explored; however, the methods in the context of planting types and structures have been neglected. Therefore, this study investigated and analysed the concentration levels of PM2.5 in roads, planting areas, and residential zones within urban areas. Moreover, the study attempted to identify any meaningful factors influencing the reduction of PM2.5 and their efficiencies. After surveying PM2.5 in winter and spring season, there were serious reductions of PM2.5 concentrations within the areas of pedestrian paths, planting, and residential areas compared to other urban areas. In particular, a significant low level of PM2.5 concentrations was shown in the residential areas located behind planting bands as green buffer. This research also found that three-dimensional volumes and quantity of planting rows play a critical role in reducing PM2.5. A negative correlation was shown between the fluctuated concentration rate of PM2.5 and quantity of planting rows—single row of trees showed fluctuated concentration rate of PM2.5, 84.77%, followed by double rows of trees 79.49%, and triple rows of trees 75.02%. Especially, trees need to be planted at certain distance to allow wind to diffuse fine particles rather than dense planting. Finally, planting shrubs also significantly reduces the concentration level of PM2.5—the fluctuated concentration rate of the single layer showed 88.79%, while the double layer and the multi-layer showed 81.16% and 68.93%, respectively—since it increases three-dimensional volume of urban plantings.

ACS Style

Suyeon Kim; SangWoo Lee; Kwangil Hwang; Kyungjin An. Exploring Sustainable Street Tree Planting Patterns to Be Resistant against Fine Particles (PM2.5). Sustainability 2017, 9, 1709 .

AMA Style

Suyeon Kim, SangWoo Lee, Kwangil Hwang, Kyungjin An. Exploring Sustainable Street Tree Planting Patterns to Be Resistant against Fine Particles (PM2.5). Sustainability. 2017; 9 (10):1709.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suyeon Kim; SangWoo Lee; Kwangil Hwang; Kyungjin An. 2017. "Exploring Sustainable Street Tree Planting Patterns to Be Resistant against Fine Particles (PM2.5)." Sustainability 9, no. 10: 1709.

Journal article
Published: 11 May 2017 in Sustainability
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Burn severity has profound impacts on the response of post-fire forest ecosystems to fire events. Numerous previous studies have reported that burn severity is determined by variables such as meteorological conditions, pre-fire forest structure, and fuel characteristics. An underlying assumption of these studies was the constant effects of environmental variables on burn severity over space, and these analyses therefore did not consider the spatial dimension. This study examined spatial variation in the effects of Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) on burn severity. Specifically, this study investigated the presence of spatially varying relationships between Japanese red pine and burn severity due to changes in slope and elevation. We estimated conventional ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models and compared them using three criteria; the coefficients of determination (R2), Akaike information criterion for small samples (AICc), and Moran’s I-value. The GWR model performed considerably better than the OLS model in explaining variation in burn severity. The results provided strong evidence that the effect of Japanese red pine on burn severity was not constant but varied spatially. Elevation was a significant factor in the variation in the effects of Japanese red pine on burn severity. The influence of red pine on burn severity was considerably higher in low-elevation areas but became less important than the other variables in high-elevation areas. The results of this study can be applied to location-specific strategies for forest managers and can be adopted to improve fire simulation models to more realistically mimic the nature of fire behavior.

ACS Style

Hyun-Joo Lee; Eujin-Julia Kim; Sang-Woo Lee. Examining Spatial Variation in the Effects of Japanese Red Pine (Pinus densiflora) on Burn Severity Using Geographically Weighted Regression. Sustainability 2017, 9, 804 .

AMA Style

Hyun-Joo Lee, Eujin-Julia Kim, Sang-Woo Lee. Examining Spatial Variation in the Effects of Japanese Red Pine (Pinus densiflora) on Burn Severity Using Geographically Weighted Regression. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (5):804.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hyun-Joo Lee; Eujin-Julia Kim; Sang-Woo Lee. 2017. "Examining Spatial Variation in the Effects of Japanese Red Pine (Pinus densiflora) on Burn Severity Using Geographically Weighted Regression." Sustainability 9, no. 5: 804.