Normal 0 21 false false false /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; color:black; mso-ansi-language:#001F; mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language:HI;} In this study, samples of activated carbon were prepared from pomegranate pulp by chemical activation. H 3 PO 4 was used as chemical activation agent and three impregnation ratios (50-100-200%) by mass were applied on biomass at impregnation times of 24 and 48 hours. Carbonization is applied to impregnated biomass samples under N 2 sweeping gas in a fixed bed reactor at 500 and 700 ° C. For determination of chemical and physical properties of the obtained activated carbons; elemental analysis was applied to determine the elemental composition (C, H, N, O) and FT-IR spectra was used to analyze the functional groups. BET equation was used to calculate the surface areas of activated carbons. For understanding the changes in the surface structure, activated carbons were conducted to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Maximum BET surface area (840 m 2 /g) was reached with the activated carbon generated using 200% H 3 PO 4 impregnated biomass sample, at a carbonization temperature of 700 °C and impregnation time of 48 hours. Experimental results showed that impregnation ratio have a significant effect on the pore structure of activated carbon and pomegranate pulp seems to be an alternative precursor for commercial activated carbon production.

Plum stone stands out as an alternative biomass source in terms of obtaining fuel and chemicals with or without catalysts under different conditions. Under variable heating rates (10, 50, and 100 °C min⁻¹) and pyrolysis temperatures (400, 450, 500, 550, and 600 °C), plum stone was pyrolyzed at a constant rate in a constant sweep gas flow (100 cm³ min⁻¹) in a tubular fixed-bed reactor. According to the results, an oil yield reaching a maximum of 45% was obtained at a heating rate of 100 °C min⁻¹ and pyrolysis temperature of 550 °C in the non-catalytic procedure. The catalytic pyrolysis was carried out with two selected commercial catalysts, namely ZSM-5 and PURMOL-CTX and clinoptilolite (natural zeolite, NZ) under optimum conditions with a catalyst ratio of 10% of the raw material. With the addition of catalyst, the quantity and quality of bio-oil increased, including calorific capacity, the removal of oxygenated groups, and hydrocarbon distribution. In the presence of catalysts, an increase was observed in terms of desirable products such as phenol, alkene, and alkane, and a decrease in terms of undesirable products such as acids. Considering and evaluating all the results, the use of zeolite materials as catalysts in pyrolysis is a recommended option for obtaining enhanced chemicals and fuels.

In terms of obtaining fuels as well as chemicals with or without catalysts at different conditions, the plum seed stands out as an alternative biomass source. Under varying heating rates (10, 50, and 100ºC min-1) and pyrolysis temperatures (400, 450, 500, 550 and 600 °C), the plum seed was pyrolysed at constant sweep gas flow at a constant rate (100 cm3min-1) in a tubular fixed bed reactor. According to the results, an oil yield reaching to a maximum of %45 was procured at the heating rate of 100 ºCmin-1 and the pyrolysis temperature of 550ºC in non-catalytic procedure. The catalytic pyrolysis was carried out in optimum conditions with two selected commercial catalysts, namely ZSM-5 and PURMOL-CTX and clinoptilolite (natural zeolite, NZ) with catalyst ratio of 10 % of raw material. Along with the catalyst addition, the quantity and the quality of bio-oil increased including the calorific value, removal of oxygenated groups, and hydrocarbon distribution. An increase related to the desirable products like phenols, alkene, and alkane and a decrease in undesirable products like acids were observed in the presence of catalysts. When all the results are considered and evaluated, using zeolite materials in the pyrolysis as catalysts is a recommendable option to achieve enhanced chemicals and fuels.

The application of biomass derived energy is gaining importance due to the decreasing supply of fossil fuels and growing environmental concerns. This study described the possibility of utilizing castanea sativa’s by-product (CBP) as biofuels by producing char via pyrolysis. The process was carried out in a fixed-bed reactor at different heating rates of 10ºC min-1, 100ºC min-1 and 200ºC min-1at temperatures ranging from 400ºC to 700ºC, and a nitrogen flow rate of 100 cm3 min-1. The produced chars were characterized by proximate and elemental analyses, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses. The char yield was found to decrease as both pyrolysis temperature and heating rate increases. The carbon content of char ranged from 68 wt.% to 87 wt.%, which correspond to approximately 43% of carbon in the biomass. The char obtained at 700ºC had high fixed carbon content (79.90%) as well as high heating value, and hence, it could be used as a solid fuel or as a precursor in the activated carbon production with its 268 m2 g−1 surface area.