The alluvial plain behind the southern Venice Lagoon, in northern Italy, is characterised by the presence of a complex network of alluvial ridges formed by the aggradation of channel deposits and natural levees. They are the geomorphological products of the interaction between the Adige and Po during the late Holocene. New geomorphological and stratigraphic data provided a detailed reconstruction of the evolution of the Po-Adige alluvial plain and allowed for defining the relation with the migration of delta lobes in the southern Venice Lagoon and near the Adriatic coast. Three cross sections (total of 28 manual boreholes) were obtained using a hand auger through two alluvial ridges built by the Adige River: the first two on the Conselve ridge (in the locations of Conselve and Santa Margherita, respectively) and the third across the modern Adige alluvial ridge. Radiocarbon dating was carried out on 9 peat samples. These data, coupled with a DTM, allowed the identification of a confluence between the Adige and Po during the Bronze Age. They also enabled the identification of the timing of major Adige and Po avulsions and the correlation with the 5.0-1.5 ka cal. BP development of a delta-mouth sedimentary system recognised in the southern Venice Lagoon. The results show that major avulsive events in the upstream tracts of the Po and Adige Rivers forced the migration of delta lobes. The delta system in the southern Venice Lagoon was fed by the Saline-Cona Po branch from about 4-3 ka cal. BP. This implies that the Po delta extended as far as 30 km north of the present-day river position. In this time frame, the Adige did not directly reach the sea, as it was a tributary of the Po at Agna. The northernmost lobe of the Po delta was thus fed by the sedimentary input of both the Po and Adige. The subsequent deactivation of the Saline-Cona Po branch through avulsion just upstream of Rovigo, around 3 ka cal. BP, led to a southwards shift of the Po delta system. The Adige still flowed through the Conselve ridge and kept its mouth in the same area. From 3 ka cal. BP to Roman times, the river constructed its own delta in the southern Venice Lagoon, prograding on the previous northern Po delta lobe. The Adige avulsion at Bonavigo during the early Middle Ages led to the abandonment of the Montagnana-Este-Conselve course long the southern foot of the Euganean Hills. As a consequence, the delta in the southern Venice Lagoon was also definitely abandoned and the Adige River started to construct another delta in its present-day position, about 15 km further to the south.

Landscape quality is a crucial factor for the heritage attractiveness of tourism, allowing tourists to experience both natural and cultural aspects along railway journeys. Moreover, railway landscape is a comprehensive system that defines the landscape observed and perceived by passengers and is characterized by the diversity and continuity of the train’s movement. Yunnan-Vietnam railway (YVR) heritage is the research object of this research, whose area encompasses various landscape types and heritage sites, providing great landscape enjoyment. Currently, the assessment methods specifically for railway landscape have been discussed less than for other landscape types, especially for a series of large linear sites like the YVR. To evaluate the value of railway heritage landscape along the railway, this paper proposes a methodology combining the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Delphi method, and GIS as an integrated spatial assessment. Creatively, this paper seeks to: (1) discuss the relationship between railway and landscape; (2) build a comprehensive evaluation system for the railway heritage landscape, covering the topics of history, tourism, ecology, heritage, social-culture, and visual quality; (3) quantify the landscape value of the YVR areas. Thus, the results of this research can be useful to future urban planning, development, and policymaking.

The Bronze Age paleohydrography of the distal Adige and Po alluvial plain (northeastern Italy) is notable for its relations with protohistoric human activities in this area. This paper regards the stratigraphy and petrography of the Saline–Cona alluvial ridge, upon which the Saline, Sarzano, and Cantarana Bronze Age sites lie, and the petrography of Fratta alluvial ridge, upon which the Frattesina complex (Bronze–Iron Age) lies. Sand analyses indicate the Po River as the source for sediments underlying the alluvial ridge that runs through Fratta Polesine, Rovigo, Sarzano, and Cona. Radiometric ages indicate that the branch of the Saline–Cona ridge was formed by the Po River between the second half of the 3rd millennium B.C. and the end of 2nd millennium B.C. This ridge represents the maximum northward expansion of the Po alluvial system, through the same area of coastal plain crossed by the Adige and Brenta paleochannels. This paleohydrographic setting implies that fluvial connections between the Central Po Plain settlements, the Venetian Plain and Alps were relatively less complex in the Early and Middle Bronze Age than in the Late Bronze Age, when the terminal reach of the Po River was separated by the Adige River by hundreds of km² of swampy terrain.