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Energy transition in the transport sector (TS) is important for the goals of achieving carbon peak by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060 in China. A number of scholars have conducted studies to identify the potential energy savings of the TS and to improve its energy efficiency. Most of them concentrate on the direct energy use (EU). The indirect EU along the supply chain of the TS is often neglected. In this paper, the direct and indirect energy use, i.e., the embodied EU, of China’s TS is measured by applying a multi-regional input–output (MRIO) model, where they are investigated from both the provincial and sectoral perspectives. Results show that intermediate use is the major driving force for the TS’s embodied EU in China. From the sectoral level, supply from sectors such as petroleum refining and coking and demand from the service sector are the main reasons of the TS’s embodied EU. From the provincial perspective, the TS’s embodied EU is driven by low transportation technologies in most provinces located in central and western China. By contrast, abundant economic and social activities are the primary reason for the TS’s embodied EU in most provinces in eastern China. In the terms of interprovincial transfer, the energy embodied in the TS flows from resource-intensive provinces located in central and western China to resource-deficient provinces in eastern China. In addition, a close geographical connection exists in the transfer. Finally, several strategies from the sectoral and provincial levels are provided for policymakers.
Jing Li; Hong Fang; Siran Fang; Zhiming Zhang; Pengyuan Zhang. Embodied Energy Use in China’s Transportation Sector: A Multi-Regional Input–Output Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 7873 .
AMA StyleJing Li, Hong Fang, Siran Fang, Zhiming Zhang, Pengyuan Zhang. Embodied Energy Use in China’s Transportation Sector: A Multi-Regional Input–Output Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (15):7873.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJing Li; Hong Fang; Siran Fang; Zhiming Zhang; Pengyuan Zhang. 2021. "Embodied Energy Use in China’s Transportation Sector: A Multi-Regional Input–Output Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15: 7873.
In this paper, a new three-stage virtual frontier SBM-DEA (Slacks-Based Measure of Efficiency in Data Envelopment Analysis) model is proposed to evaluate the sustainable efficiency of the construction industry.The relevant construction industry data of 30 Chinese PARs (provincial administrative regions) from 2011 to 2016 are brought into the model to calculate the sustainable efficiency of each administrative region and verify the rationality of the model. In order to solve the problem that the efficiency values of multiple effective decision units cannot be differentiated in traditional DEA model evaluation, the reference decision unit set and the evaluation decision unit set are respectively different sets in the virtual frontier SBM-DEA model.In the three-stage virtual frontier SBM-DEA, the reference decision unit set and evaluation decision unit set are two different sets that can distinguish among the effective decision units of DEA.The analysis results show that the average sustainable efficiency values of the construction industry in eastern,middle and western China exhibit a decreasing trend, at 0.643, 0.586 and 0.4830, respectively. Moreover,the technical equipment rate and external environmental factors play an important role in the sustainable efficiency of the construction industry and the CO2 emission reduction potential of most PARs shows a downward trend.
Zhao Yang; Hong Fang; Xiaoshan Xue. Sustainable efficiency and CO2 reduction potential of China’s construction industry: application of a three-stage virtual frontier SBM-DEA model. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering 2021, 1 -14.
AMA StyleZhao Yang, Hong Fang, Xiaoshan Xue. Sustainable efficiency and CO2 reduction potential of China’s construction industry: application of a three-stage virtual frontier SBM-DEA model. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering. 2021; ():1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao Yang; Hong Fang; Xiaoshan Xue. 2021. "Sustainable efficiency and CO2 reduction potential of China’s construction industry: application of a three-stage virtual frontier SBM-DEA model." Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering , no. : 1-14.
Quality function deployment (QFD) has been a popular product or service development method to convert customer needs (CNs) into technical requirements (TRs). Nevertheless, the traditional QFD has vagueness inherent in experts’ opinions in determining CNs’ weights and the relationship between CNs and TRs. In the previous research works, fuzzy set theory is popular to deal with imprecise information in QFD. However, it still suffers from several deficiencies. For example, it needs prior information that leads to relatively fixed intervals expressing vagueness; and it assumes the membership degrees are crisp. To solve the issues, this article develops an integrated QFD method, where rough sets and cloud model are utilized for treating uncertain information. The former expresses impreciseness without any other assumptions and the latter considers expert evaluations’ randomness. In order to obtain more comprehensive importance of CNs, a combination weighting method is utilized. In the end, a compressor rotor's industrial service design is conducted utilizing the proposed method, where its effectiveness is verified.
Hong Fang; Jing Li; Wenyan Song. A New Method for Quality Function Deployment Based on Rough Cloud Model Theory. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 2020, PP, 1 -15.
AMA StyleHong Fang, Jing Li, Wenyan Song. A New Method for Quality Function Deployment Based on Rough Cloud Model Theory. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. 2020; PP (99):1-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHong Fang; Jing Li; Wenyan Song. 2020. "A New Method for Quality Function Deployment Based on Rough Cloud Model Theory." IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management PP, no. 99: 1-15.
It is vital to promote and optimize the technological innovation efficiency of new energy vehicle (NEV) enterprises for the green transformation of China’s automobile industry. However, China’s NEV enterprises still have problems such as insufficient research of technology and unreasonable innovative resource allocation. To improve the technological innovation efficiency of China’s NEV enterprises, the NEVs’ technological innovation process is divided into two stages: the research and development (R&D) stage and the achievement transformation stage in this research. Combining Tobit regression with data envelopment analysis (DEA), an evaluation framework of technological innovation efficiency of the NEV enterprises is constructed. Then, the innovation efficiency of 23 NEV listed enterprises from 2013 to 2018 is analyzed. The result reveals three findings. First, the overall technological innovation efficiency of NEV enterprises is low. Second, enterprises’ R&D efficiency is generally higher than the achievement transformation efficiency. Third, according to two-stage efficiency, 23 NEV enterprises are divided into four categories. For different types of enterprises, targeted guidance to improve innovation efficiency is proposed. This research provides a theoretical and practical basis for improving the innovation efficiency of NEV enterprises.
Siran Fang; Xiaoshan Xue; Ge Yin; Hong Fang; Jialin Li; Yongnian Zhang. Evaluation and Improvement of Technological Innovation Efficiency of New Energy Vehicle Enterprises in China Based on DEA-Tobit Model. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7509 .
AMA StyleSiran Fang, Xiaoshan Xue, Ge Yin, Hong Fang, Jialin Li, Yongnian Zhang. Evaluation and Improvement of Technological Innovation Efficiency of New Energy Vehicle Enterprises in China Based on DEA-Tobit Model. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (18):7509.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiran Fang; Xiaoshan Xue; Ge Yin; Hong Fang; Jialin Li; Yongnian Zhang. 2020. "Evaluation and Improvement of Technological Innovation Efficiency of New Energy Vehicle Enterprises in China Based on DEA-Tobit Model." Sustainability 12, no. 18: 7509.
Apart from promoting social-economic development and increasing social employment, the real estate industry in China has also brought up problems such as high energy consumption and high emissions. Scholars now focus more on energy conservation, emission reduction and sustainable development of real estate companies in their current research. The data used by this paper are three-year panel data from 2015 to 2018, with observations from 15 representative real estate companies. CO2 and green credit index are introduced as the undesirable output and the green output of real estate companies respectively. First, with the DEA model and the Malmquist index model, this paper evaluates the green productivity of real estate companies statically and dynamically. The Tobit model is then employed by the author to analyze factors that may affect green productivity. Our results indicate that (1) the green productivities of 15 Chinese real estate companies have improved by various degrees. The average green productivity rises from 0.701 in 2015 to 0.849 in 2018, indicating that the energy utilization rate of enterprises has gradually increased. From the calculation and decomposition of the Malmquist total factor productivity index, we know that technological progress is vital in improving the green productivity of real estate companies. (2) As for the influencing factors, the green productivity is positively related to factors such as policy compliance indicator P, environmental responsibility commitment indicator R, indicator of green innovation capability I, and indicator of green development information disclosure M. The asset-liability ratio on the contrary has a negative impact on green productivity. It’s worth to point out that the green innovation index and green productivity is significantly correlated and the correlation coefficient can be up to 0.636, which implies that the key to improving green productivity is to increase research and development investment.
Zhao Yang; Hong Fang. Research on Green Productivity of Chinese Real Estate Companies—Based on SBM-DEA and TOBIT Models. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3122 .
AMA StyleZhao Yang, Hong Fang. Research on Green Productivity of Chinese Real Estate Companies—Based on SBM-DEA and TOBIT Models. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (8):3122.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao Yang; Hong Fang. 2020. "Research on Green Productivity of Chinese Real Estate Companies—Based on SBM-DEA and TOBIT Models." Sustainability 12, no. 8: 3122.
Although the environmental issues behind solar energy and green procurement (GP) have received increasing attention, industries still struggle to identify key barriers hindering GP and analyze the interrelationships among them. Most of the previous studies ignored the cognition uncertainty in assessing the barriers to GP, and failed to consider the impact of barrier strength on the interrelationships among barriers. This paper proposes a rough weighted method that integrates the advantages of DEMATEL (Decision-Making and Trial Evaluation Laboratory) and ISM (Interpretive Structural Modeling). Variable rough precision theory is introduced to control the cognition uncertainty and vagueness in assessing the barriers. This novel approach is then applied to analyze the interrelationships among barriers to GP in China’s photovoltaic (PV) industry. The analysis results show that internal obstacles (e.g. company’s unawareness) are more important than external obstacles (e.g. lack of legislation). However, external obstacles (especially weak incentive policies) should be solved first by policy-makers because internal obstacles are found to be caused by external obstacles. Finally, comparative studies are employed to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method. Further studies are expected to apply the proposed method to different industries and promote the development of GP.
Hong Fang; Baixue Wang; Wenyan Song. Analyzing the interrelationships among barriers to green procurement in photovoltaic industry: An integrated method. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 249, 119408 .
AMA StyleHong Fang, Baixue Wang, Wenyan Song. Analyzing the interrelationships among barriers to green procurement in photovoltaic industry: An integrated method. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 249 ():119408.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHong Fang; Baixue Wang; Wenyan Song. 2019. "Analyzing the interrelationships among barriers to green procurement in photovoltaic industry: An integrated method." Journal of Cleaner Production 249, no. : 119408.
As a crucial tool to conserve energy utilization and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, carbon market has drawn close attention from political circles and academia. A mature carbon market makes the market run orderly and achieve the goal of reducing emissions effectively. It is meaningful to assess the maturity of carbon market. This paper aims at identifying the comprehensive criteria for evaluating the maturity degree of carbon market and proposing a feasible method to evaluate the maturity level of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) and carbon markets in China. Firstly, this paper proposes 23 specific criteria based on triple bottom line (environmental, economic, and social aspects) to assess the maturity of carbon market. Secondly, we put forward a novel multi-criteria decision approach, which integrates subjective weights and objective weights. Rough set theory is introduced into this method to deal with subjectivity and vagueness problem. Lastly, a case study is applied to assess the maturity level of the EU ETS and carbon markets in China. The results indicate that the EU ETS is currently the most mature carbon trading market. Comparing with the EU ETS, the maturity degrees of carbon markets in China are lower overall. Chinese carbon markets could be divided into three levels according to maturity: Hubei and Guangdong rank the first level; Shenzhen, Beijing and Shanghai rank the second level; Tianjin and Chongqing are at the lowest level.
Fang Zhang; Hong Fang; Wenyan Song. Carbon market maturity analysis with an integrated multi-criteria decision making method: A case study of EU and China. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 241, 118296 .
AMA StyleFang Zhang, Hong Fang, Wenyan Song. Carbon market maturity analysis with an integrated multi-criteria decision making method: A case study of EU and China. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 241 ():118296.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFang Zhang; Hong Fang; Wenyan Song. 2019. "Carbon market maturity analysis with an integrated multi-criteria decision making method: A case study of EU and China." Journal of Cleaner Production 241, no. : 118296.
Intellectual property rights protection (IPRP) has caused great concern in China, especially since the introduction of the Belt and Road (B&R) initiative. The Chinese government has increased investments to the countries along the B&R, most of which are developing countries with high investment risks. Using the panel data of China’s outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) in 121 countries from 2003 to 2017, the sustainable relationships between the IPRP of host countries and China’s OFDI has been analyzed. The results of this paper show that, from the worldwide perspective, the stronger the IPRP of the host country, the greater attraction to China’s OFDI. While the IPRP of the countries along the B&R has a nonlinear U-shaped effect on China’s OFDI, which is related to the complex environments of the countries. When the IPRP of the B&R countries is within a certain range, China’s OFDI is biased toward a country with lower IPRP, and when the IPRP exceeds a certain range, China’s OFDI is biased toward a country with higher IPRP. Moreover, the market size, natural resources endowment and political environment of the host country are influential upon China’s OFDI as well. What deserves our attention is that China’s OFDI is more biased towards countries with poor political conditions, which can be related to the enterprise type and that most of the large multinational enterprises in China are state-controlled, resulting in investment decisions largely reflected by the national political goals rather than simple market targets.
Hong Fang; Bo Peng; Xu Wang; Siran Fang. The Effect of Intellectual Property Rights Protection in Host Economies on The Sustainable Development of China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment—Evidence from a Cross-Country Sample. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2100 .
AMA StyleHong Fang, Bo Peng, Xu Wang, Siran Fang. The Effect of Intellectual Property Rights Protection in Host Economies on The Sustainable Development of China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment—Evidence from a Cross-Country Sample. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (7):2100.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHong Fang; Bo Peng; Xu Wang; Siran Fang. 2019. "The Effect of Intellectual Property Rights Protection in Host Economies on The Sustainable Development of China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment—Evidence from a Cross-Country Sample." Sustainability 11, no. 7: 2100.
Failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) has been commonly utilized for recognition of failures, causes and influences in a system/process. However, the traditional FMEA method has been subjected to a lot of criticisms, e.g., equal importance of risk factor, lack of mechanism in manipulating imprecise information; Although the traditional FMEA is improved by various approaches based on fuzzy set theory, it still suffers from several limitations, such as requirement of prior information, construction of many fuzzy rules, and ignoring randomness in risk evaluation. Therefore, this study integrates the advantage of rough set theory in flexibly and objectively expressing vagueness without extra information and the merit of cloud model in taking randomness of experts’ risk assessments into account. Meanwhile, an integrated weighting method considering both subjective and objective aspects is employed to estimate risk factor weights. Then, the failure modes are ranked by an extended TOPSIS (technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution) method. To finish, a case study about risk evaluation of failure modes in a steam valve system is analyzed to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Jing Li; Hong Fang; Wenyan Song. Modified failure mode and effects analysis under uncertainty: A rough cloud theory-based approach. Applied Soft Computing 2019, 78, 195 -208.
AMA StyleJing Li, Hong Fang, Wenyan Song. Modified failure mode and effects analysis under uncertainty: A rough cloud theory-based approach. Applied Soft Computing. 2019; 78 ():195-208.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJing Li; Hong Fang; Wenyan Song. 2019. "Modified failure mode and effects analysis under uncertainty: A rough cloud theory-based approach." Applied Soft Computing 78, no. : 195-208.
The emission trading scheme (ETS) has become a significant tool to solve the climate change problem. China has built domestic carbon trading pilots to control energy consumption and reduce emissions. This paper explores the linkage between the carbon market and covered corporate value in China. To address the relationship, this paper estimates the impact that the carbon prices of different pilots in China have on the value of thermal listed enterprises and the extent of this impact. By using weekly data from July 2014 to June 2017, we analyze the overall effect and perform a comparative study of influences of the three trading years. Moreover, we test if the effect of carbon trading pilots on electricity corporate value is market-specific. The results demonstrate that carbon prices have a significantly negative impact on stock value when looking at the full sample and the effects vary between markets.
Fang Zhang; Hong Fang; Xu Wang. Impact of Carbon Prices on Corporate Value: The Case of China’s Thermal Listed Enterprises. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3328 .
AMA StyleFang Zhang, Hong Fang, Xu Wang. Impact of Carbon Prices on Corporate Value: The Case of China’s Thermal Listed Enterprises. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (9):3328.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFang Zhang; Hong Fang; Xu Wang. 2018. "Impact of Carbon Prices on Corporate Value: The Case of China’s Thermal Listed Enterprises." Sustainability 10, no. 9: 3328.
In this paper we study and compare the environmental efficiency of 118 photovoltaic (PV) plants in China. Drawing on the nonparametric data envelopment analysis (DEA) method, our study takes the initiative to take the insolation, annual sunshine duration, and covering area as input variables into account, as well as the installed capacity, annual electricity generation, CO2 emission reduction, and coal saving as output variables, to provide a unified measure of environmental efficiency of PV plants in China. We find widespread inefficiencies in roughly 95% of the PV plants, and the performance of different economic zones and types of PV plants are quite different. Specifically, those PV plants in eastern China are the least satisfying performers among three different economic zones. The surprising result indicates that eastern China has room for improvement by overcoming the inefficiencies caused by serious aerosol pollution and the high urbanization rate. We also find rooftop PV plants have the highest efficiencies among the four types of PV plants due to very little power loss. However, complementary PV plants have the lowest efficiencies most likely because of high operating temperatures during the process of power generation.
Huaimo You; Hong Fang; Xu Wang; Siran Fang. Environmental Efficiency of Photovoltaic Power Plants in China—A Comparative Study of Different Economic Zones and Plant Types. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2551 .
AMA StyleHuaimo You, Hong Fang, Xu Wang, Siran Fang. Environmental Efficiency of Photovoltaic Power Plants in China—A Comparative Study of Different Economic Zones and Plant Types. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (7):2551.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuaimo You; Hong Fang; Xu Wang; Siran Fang. 2018. "Environmental Efficiency of Photovoltaic Power Plants in China—A Comparative Study of Different Economic Zones and Plant Types." Sustainability 10, no. 7: 2551.
With the socio-economic development in China, the central government pays more and more attention to innovations. Universities, research institutes, and industries (URI) are the main bodies of innovation. Therefore, in order to perform sustainable development of innovation, it is essential for Chinese policy makers to better understand the relationship among URI innovations. In this paper, indicators for evaluating URI innovations are collected, which are classified into three subsystems. Utilizing regional data from 2009–2015 in China, the entropy method is subsequently used to examine the contribution of indicators to the relative innovation subsystems. Then, a coupling coordination degree model is developed based on the physical concept “coupling” to investigate the relationship of URI innovation subsystems in China. The results reveal that in the period of study: (1) research and development (R&D) input and output indicators are both important to the regional innovation levels of URI, namely, they are critical for improving the coupling coordination degree among the three innovation subsystems; (2) There is an increasing trend of the coupling coordination of URI innovation system in China; however, the gap between regions/provinces becomes larger due to different innovative resource endowments and socio-economic development conditions. The results shown in this paper can provide important implications for policy makers to obtain the sustainable development of URI innovation subsystems in China.
Jing Li; Hong Fang; Siran Fang; Sultana Easmin Siddika. Investigation of the Relationship among University–Research Institute–Industry Innovations Using a Coupling Coordination Degree Model. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1954 .
AMA StyleJing Li, Hong Fang, Siran Fang, Sultana Easmin Siddika. Investigation of the Relationship among University–Research Institute–Industry Innovations Using a Coupling Coordination Degree Model. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (6):1954.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJing Li; Hong Fang; Siran Fang; Sultana Easmin Siddika. 2018. "Investigation of the Relationship among University–Research Institute–Industry Innovations Using a Coupling Coordination Degree Model." Sustainability 10, no. 6: 1954.
Previous studies have pointed out that Industry-University-Research Institution (IUR) collaborative innovation is an important means to ensure the sustainable development of regional innovation, and there may be spillover effects among different regional innovation systems. However, the impact of regional spatial correlation and IUR collaborative innovation synergy degree on regional innovation performance is not that clear. Based on the panel data of 31 regions in China from 2006 to 2015, we construct static and dynamic spatial econometrics models to analysis the relationships among regional innovation performance, IUR collaborative innovation and spatial correlation. The research results show that there are significant positive spillover effects among different regions, indicating that the dynamic flows of innovation elements among regions is conducive to improve the regional innovation performance. In addition, IUR collaboration innovation also has a positive impact on regional innovation performance: the current period of IUR synergy degree has a negative impact, while the lagged one has a positive impact. It means that it will take a while for IUR collaborative innovation to be effective and it will have far-reaching contributions to long-term improvements rather than short-term benefits in social development. The results are significant for both static and dynamic spatial econometrics models. The conclusions of this paper have important policy significance to fully understand the coordination of innovative elements and promote the sustainable development of regional innovation systems.
Xu Wang; Hong Fang; Fang Zhang; Siran Fang. The Spatial Analysis of Regional Innovation Performance and Industry-University-Research Institution Collaborative Innovation—An Empirical Study of Chinese Provincial Data. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1243 .
AMA StyleXu Wang, Hong Fang, Fang Zhang, Siran Fang. The Spatial Analysis of Regional Innovation Performance and Industry-University-Research Institution Collaborative Innovation—An Empirical Study of Chinese Provincial Data. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (4):1243.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu Wang; Hong Fang; Fang Zhang; Siran Fang. 2018. "The Spatial Analysis of Regional Innovation Performance and Industry-University-Research Institution Collaborative Innovation—An Empirical Study of Chinese Provincial Data." Sustainability 10, no. 4: 1243.
In China, environmental pollution generated via industrialization as well as profound changes in the social structure and the gradual maturation of the social hierarchy have jointly contributed to the Chinese people’s increased environmental consciousness and appeals for environmental justice (EJ). Because of the absence of an EJ theory and a lack of empirical research focused on China, this paper proposes a “Pyramid Model” for EJ research in China that includes the following three factors: basic demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, U.S.-based EJ principles, and Chinese characteristics. A nationwide pilot analysis of environmental inequality at the prefecture level is conducted by empirically examining the association between the demographic variables and socioeconomic status with sources of industrial pollution in China. The prefecture-based results are shown to be robust, and they indicate that areas inhabited by ethnic minorities and western regions of China carry disproportionate environmental burdens. However, a different picture for migrants is presented, revealing that Chinese migrants are not currently exposed to greater levels of industrial pollution. Relevant interpretations of these findings are provided. The results also show that environmental inequality associated with income level, which is observed in the U.S., does not occur in China.
Qi He; Hong Fang; Han Ji; Siran Fang. Environmental Inequality in China: A “Pyramid Model” and Nationwide Pilot Analysis of Prefectures with Sources of Industrial Pollution. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1871 .
AMA StyleQi He, Hong Fang, Han Ji, Siran Fang. Environmental Inequality in China: A “Pyramid Model” and Nationwide Pilot Analysis of Prefectures with Sources of Industrial Pollution. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (10):1871.
Chicago/Turabian StyleQi He; Hong Fang; Han Ji; Siran Fang. 2017. "Environmental Inequality in China: A “Pyramid Model” and Nationwide Pilot Analysis of Prefectures with Sources of Industrial Pollution." Sustainability 9, no. 10: 1871.
Presently, China’s social development is facing the dilemma of supporting economic growth and reducing emissions. Therefore, it is crucial to analyse productivity growth and examine its relationship with influencing factors in China. This study evaluated the total factor productivity (TFP) growth of 30 provinces in China by adopting the Malmquist-Luenberger (ML) productivity index and incorporating undesirable outputs from 2011–2014. Then, a Tobit regression model was employed to explore the factors that influence China’s TFP growth. The results show that the average annual growth of the Malmquist-Luenberger productivity index was lower than that of the traditional Malmquist (M) productivity index growth during the research period. The findings reveal several key conclusions: First, the true TFP growth in China will be overestimated if undesirable outputs are ignored. Second, technical changes are the main contributor to TFP growth. Third, there are huge regional disparities of productivity growth in China. Fourth, coal intensity, environmental regulations, and industrial structure have significantly negative effects on productivity growth, while real per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and foreign direct investment (FDI) have strongly positive effects on productivity growth.
Junfeng Zhang; Hong Fang; Bo Peng; Xu Wang; Siran Fang. Productivity Growth-Accounting for Undesirable Outputs and Its Influencing Factors: The Case of China. Sustainability 2016, 8, 1166 .
AMA StyleJunfeng Zhang, Hong Fang, Bo Peng, Xu Wang, Siran Fang. Productivity Growth-Accounting for Undesirable Outputs and Its Influencing Factors: The Case of China. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (11):1166.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJunfeng Zhang; Hong Fang; Bo Peng; Xu Wang; Siran Fang. 2016. "Productivity Growth-Accounting for Undesirable Outputs and Its Influencing Factors: The Case of China." Sustainability 8, no. 11: 1166.
China’s cement production has been the highest worldwide for decades and contributes significant environmental pollution. Using a non-radical DEA model with slacks-based measure (SBM), this paper analyzes the environmental efficiency of China’s listed cement companies. The results suggest that the average mean of the environmental efficiency for the listed cement enterprises shows a decreasing trend in 2012 and 2013. There is a significant imbalance in environmental efficiency in these firms ranging from very low to very high. Further investigation finds that enterprise size and property structure are key factors. Increasing production concentration and decreasing the share of government investment could improve the environmental efficiency. The findings also suggest that effectively monitoring pollution products can improve environmental efficiency quickly, whereas pursuit for excessive profitability without keeping the same pace in energy saving would cause a sharp drop in environmental efficiency. Based on these findings, we proposed that companies in the Chinese cement sector might consider restructuring to improve environmental efficiency. They also need to make a trade-off between profitability and environmental protection. Finally, the Chinese government should reduce ownership control and management interventions in cement companies.
Fang Zhang; Hong Fang; Junjie Wu; Damian Ward. Environmental Efficiency Analysis of Listed Cement Enterprises in China. Sustainability 2016, 8, 453 .
AMA StyleFang Zhang, Hong Fang, Junjie Wu, Damian Ward. Environmental Efficiency Analysis of Listed Cement Enterprises in China. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (5):453.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFang Zhang; Hong Fang; Junjie Wu; Damian Ward. 2016. "Environmental Efficiency Analysis of Listed Cement Enterprises in China." Sustainability 8, no. 5: 453.