Grafting is increasingly becoming an indispensable tool that minimizes the risks associated with intensive vegetable production systems, including soil-borne diseases. This study assesses the performance of two cherry tomato hybrids (‘Cheramy’ and ‘Sheeja’) grafted onto three tomato and five eggplant local rootstock genotypes (cultivated/wild) under Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt)-infested greenhouse soil. The impact of grafting on growth, yield and fruit physical quality was mainly influenced by the response of rootstocks to disease resistance. The non-grafted plants of both the cultivars were severely affected by bacterial wilt, thus presenting high susceptibility to disease. Eggplant rootstocks imparted moderate to high resistance against bacterial wilt in both the scions, while tomato (cultivated or wild) rootstocks did not improve disease resistance, except ‘Anagha’, which provided resistance to scion cv. ‘Cheramy’. In general, scion cv. ‘Cheramy’, grafted or non-grafted, showed superior growth, yield and fruit quality compared to ‘Sheeja’. The most productive graft combinations for both the cultivars involved resistant rootstocks, i.e., ‘Sheeja’ onto eggplant rootstock ‘Surya’, and ‘Cheramy’ onto tomato rootstock ‘Anagha’. Fruit quality attributes such as ascorbic acid and lycopene contents were considerably higher, and the total soluble solids (TSS) content was considerably lower in scion cv. ‘Cheramy’, whether grafted or non-grafted, than those involving scion cv. ‘Sheeja’. The grafting effect on fruit chemical quality attributes was not promising, except grafting ‘Sheeja’ onto ‘Sopim’ for TSS, ‘Sheeja’ onto ‘Sotor’ for lycopene and ‘Cheramy’ onto ‘Ponny’ for total phenols, though no clear connection with disease incidence was in these grafts. Conclusively, eggplant rootstock imparted wilt resistance, while both eggplant and tomato rootstock grafting was beneficial to both scion cultivars in boosting the overall production and economic gains, especially for ‘Cheramy’ grafted onto ‘Anagha’ rootstock under bacterial wilt infested soil of greenhouse.

In soil-based protected cultivation, the prevalence of certain diseases like bacterial wilt and nematodes in the bell pepper plant due to its successive cropping pose a threat for maximizing productivity. Considering the potential of grafting to alleviate various biotic and abiotic stresses, often relying on rootstock’s capability, we explored the potential of diverse local genotypes of Capsicum spp. to utilize as rootstocks. In this research, we assessed the performance of a commercial bell pepper cv. Massilia F₁, grafted onto twenty-five rootstocks along with non-grafted and self-grafted Massilia plants under artificial inoculation conditions of bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) and nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) in a plastic greenhouse. The response of rootstock grafting was determined by assessing disease incidences and their effect on plants growth, yield, and physiology, as well as their efficiency in nutrient accumulation. The grafted plants exhibited varied responses to diseases depending on rootstock genotypes. Notably, Massilia grafted onto the CRS-8 and CRS-1 rootstocks exhibited high bacterial wilt resistance by showing lower percent disease incidence (PDI) (22.22 and 27.78 percent, respectively). Others, like CRS-11, CRS-12, CRS-13, CRS-21, and CRS-24, showed moderate resistance (PDI ranging from 33.33 to 38.89 percent, respectively). The self-grafted and non-grafted plants were highly susceptible and recorded complete mortality by the end of the experiment. All of the grafted plants exhibited promising resistance against nematode infestation compared to non-grafted and self-grafted plants with 26.17 and 8.67 percent root galls, respectively. The susceptible plants had lower shoot and root dry weights, while the resistant graft combinations had comparatively higher biomass. Importantly, grafting induced earliness in flowering and provided higher yields, especially in graft combinations involving the CRS-15, CRS-11, and CRS-8 rootstocks. These graft combinations exhibited significantly higher yields over the non-grafted and self-grafted plants. The plant yield was positively associated with plant height, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight of roots, number of fruits per plant, and average fruit weight, but negatively related to bacterial wilt and root-knot nematode incidences. The increased level of antioxidant enzymes such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and peroxidase (POD) and the higher total chlorophyll content in the resistant grafted plants indicates their better ability to cope with diseases at the cellular level. This study highlights the robust performance of certain rootstocks from Capsicum annuum (CRS-1, CRS-2, CRS-11, CRS-15) and Capsicum frutescens (CRS-8, CRS-13, CRS-22) species across multiple measured parameters. Grafting emerges as a sustainable solution for bell pepper production in bacterial wilt- and nematode-infested soil under plastic greenhouses.

Background: Karnataka is predominantly known for cluster bean production. The evidences claims that the cluster bean production is not a profitable option and has many constraints, which hinders farmers to take up this enterprise. The current study aims to analyze the growth in area, to forecast seed demand and to work out the economics of cluster bean production in Karnataka. Methods: The current study was based on the field survey conducted in Karnataka during 2019-20, to collect the primary data from cluster bean entrepreneurs. The study has also used secondary data for analysis. Four major districts in Karnataka were selected for the study, based on the maximum area and highest production. From each district, 30 farmers were randomly selected for collection of primary data, constituting a total of 120 farmers. The Compound Annual Growth Rate and cost-returns techniques were employed for data analysis. Result: The study indicated that Karnataka has registered a declined trend of 3.12 per cent per annum and the total estimated area under cluster bean would be 2,720 ha during 2021-22. Hence, the seed industry should cater seed demand to the tune of 544 quintals for the said period. Total cost of cultivation was worked out to be ₹ 35,176 per acre. The study emphasize that this enterprise provides higher gross and net returns to the tune of ₹ 70,851 and ₹ 35,675 per acre, respectively, with the Benefit-cost ratio of 2.01, indicating its profitability. Lack of availability of High Yielding Varieties/hybrid seeds and high wage rate were the major constraints notified in cluster bean enterprise.

Background: Natural farming (NF) is a farming system that uses environmentally friendly pest and disease management practices. In contrast to chemical farming, it avoids use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and fungicides and hence, offers an alternative way for the eco-friendly pest management for the sustainable crop production. French bean crop is ravaged by wide array of insect pests wherein, sucking insect-pests like aphids, leaf miner and pod borer causing considerable damage. To manage these pests, farmers are spraying both recommended and non-recommended synthetic chemical pesticides having adverse effects on environment and human beings. Methods: Field experiment was conducted to evaluate the pest management strategies against sucking insect-pests and pod borer infesting French bean over a period of three years from 2019-20 to 2021-22 at College of Horticulture, Sirsi, Uttar Kannada (Hill Zone of Karnataka) during summer season. Four pest management modules viz., farmers practice, organic farming, natural farming (NF) and recommended package of practices (RPP) were evaluated to manage the pests in an eco-friendly manner. The field experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with five replications comprising of four treatments. The standard protocol was followed for recording observations. Result: Among the different modules tested, farmers practice recorded lowest population of aphids, leaf miner and pod borer and was at par with recommended package of practices. Whereas, Organic farming and natural farming recorded moderate level of pest infestation and quite safe for maintaining the predators like Coccinellids, Chrysoperla carnea and spider population for natural predation. The cost of plant protection measures was also least in these modules which indicates the socially and economically acceptable farming practices which may be adopted for safer French bean production.