Drugs and various medical substances have been used for many decades to diagnose or treat diseases. Procedures like surgery and anesthesia (either local or general) use different pharmacological products during these events. In most of the cases, the procedure is safe and the physician performs the technique without incidents. Although they are safe for use, these substances (including drugs) may have adverse effects, varying from mild ones to life-threatening reactions in a minority of patients. Artificial intelligence may be a useful tool in approximating the risk of anaphylaxis before undertaking a medical procedure. This material presents these undesirable responses produced by medical products from a multidisciplinary point of view. Moreover, we present a proof of concept for using artificial intelligence as a possible guardship against intraoperative anaphylaxis.

Previously, inguinal hernia surgery was based exclusively on repairing the abdominal wall defects using the patient's own tissues, which were put in contact with and tensioned to recalibrate the natural orifices. At present, inguinal hernia surgery is based almost solely on mounting an allograft, which has the role of strengthening the weakened groin region that allowed the herniation. This modern method of operation on inguinal hernia can be performed in a classic or laparoscopic manner. The mesh is made of polypropylene, which is a polymer of cyclic hydrocarbons. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness, biocompatibility, as well as the immediate and long‑term complications in textile allografts used in open surgery of inguinal hernia repair. Another aim was to demonstrate once again the superiority of low‑weight meshes with large pores by decreasing the number of complications caused by the synthetic material used, but also by a decrease in the tension on the tissues to which it was fixed. The present study included 255 cases submitted to inguinal hernia surgery. Only 1.5% required immediate reinter­vention before discharge to evacuate hematoma. The short duration of hospitalization, the quality‑price ratio, the good postoperative results, as well as the rapid socio‑professional reintegration, render the use of polypropylene mesh in inguinal hernia surgery very attractive for patients.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common male malignancies worldwide. It affects middle-aged men (45–60 years) and is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in Western countries. The TRUS (trans rectal ultrasound)-guided prostate biopsy has been a standard procedure in prostate cancer detection for more than thirty years, and it is recommended in male patients with an abnormal PSA (prostate-specific antigens) or abnormalities found during digital rectal examinations. During this procedure, urologists might encounter difficulties which may cause subsequent complications. This manuscript aims to present both the complications and the technical difficulties that may occur during TRUS-guided prostate biopsy, along with resolutions and solutions found in the specialized literature. The conclusions of this manuscript will note that the TRUS-guided prostate biopsy remains a solid, cost-efficient, and safe procedure with which to diagnose prostate cancer. The complications are usually self-limiting and do not require additional medical assistance. The difficulties posed by the procedure can be safely overcome if there are no other available alternatives. Open communication with the patients improves both pre- and post-procedure compliance.

There are numerous types of sinusitis caused by fungal strains, some of which already colonize the nasal cavity. Mild forms present fungus balls growing inside a preexisting sinus cavity. The invasive type ranges from chronic manifestations to acute aggravated episodes. The latter scenario is encountered in cases with reduced immune responses, such as patients with diabetes, individuals receiving any form of transplant, AIDS cases and chemotherapy patients. Without the control of immunosuppression, the infection is aggravated and extends to the orbit and inside the skull base, regardless of the prompt surgical and medical treatment. This is the most common pathogenic fungus on the nasal sinuses level. It can occasionally enter the sinus cavity during dental procedures. The pathogenesis is enhanced by anaerobic conditions in poorly ventilated sinus cavities. Rhinosinusal aspergilloma has a slow, insidious evolution over months and even years. Our experience revealed the presence of both a dental problem and previous self‑administered antibiotic regimens in almost every case. The initial symptoms are common with sinusitis of dental origin, but aspergilloma should be considered when a patient with a competent immune system does not respond to standard antibiotic treatment. The final diagnosis of rhinosinusal aspergilloma is conducted on a pathology sample with silver staining. The bacteriology exam of the sinus secretion rarely reveals a fungus infection; however, as revealed in our clinical experience, there may be coinfection with other multidrug‑resistant bacteria. Surgical treatment must establish a wide exposure of the sinus cavity and correct drainage regardless of the external, combined or endoscopic approach. Early diagnosis and emergency surgical debridement along with administering systemic antifungal compounds in some cases represent the key to the successful treatment of invasive aspergilloma.

Parotid gland pathology represents a web of differential diagnoses. There are many complex cases that require extensive diagnostic tests for a complete and correct final pathology diagnosis. Currently the official classification of parotid gland tumors extends over more than 40 subtypes. We performed a query of the PubMed database regarding the use of molecular biology tests in performing a better characterization of the tumors in specific cases. By using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or next-generation sequencing, the team managing complex cases can offer a personalized therapeutic solution. We review the molecular differential diagnosis according to published articles in the last 5 years for many types of parotid gland tumors ranging from benign to borderline malign tumors to malign aggressive tumors. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is a distinct subtype of parotid malignancy that was the subject of a consistent number of articles. However, the molecular biology diagnosis techniques helped more in excluding the diagnosis of mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and probably retrospectively limiting the number of cases with this final diagnosis. In Romania, the molecular biology diagnosis is available only in limited research facilities and should receive more consistent funding that will make it available on a larger scale. The novelty of this scoping review is that we propose an algorithm for molecular differential diagnosis of the tumors that could be encountered in the parotid gland.