The growing spread of infectious diseases has become a potential global health threat to human beings. According to WHO reports, in this study, we investigated the impact of co-cultivating the isolated endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp. CO2 and Bacillus sp. COBZ21 as a method to stimulate the production of natural bioactive substances. (GC/MS)-based metabolomics profiling of two sponge-associated microbes, Aspergillus sp. CO2 and Bacillus sp. COBZ21, revealed that the co-culture of these two isolates induced the accumulation of metabolites that were not traced in their axenic cultures. By detection of different activities of extracts of Bacillus sp. COBZ21 and Aspergillus sp. CO2 and coculture between Bacillus sp. COBZ21 and Aspergillus sp. CO2. It was noted that the coculture strategy was the reason for a notable increase in some different activities, such as the antimicrobial activity, which showed potent activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25,922, Staphylococcus aureus NRRLB-767, and Candida albicans ATCC 10,231. The antibiofilm activity showed significant biofilm inhibitory activity toward Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10,145, and Staph aureus NRRLB-767, with activity up to 53.66, 71.17, and 47.89%, while it showed low activity against E. coli ATCC 25,922, while the antioxidant activity based on the DPPH assay showed maximum activity (75.25%). GC-MS investigations revealed the presence of variable chemical constituents belonging to different chemical categories, which reflected their chemical diversity. The main components are (+-) cis-Deethylburnamine (2.66%), Bis(3,6,9,12-tetraoxapentaethylene) crowno-N,N,N’,N’-tetra methylpphanediamine (2.48%), and 11-phenyl-2,4,6,8-tetra(2-thienyl)-11-aza-5,13-dithiaeteracyclo[7.3.0.1(2,8)0.0(3,7)] trideca-3,6-diene-10,12,13-trione (3.13%), respectively, for Bacillus sp. axenic culture, Aspergillus sp. CO2, Aspergillus sp. CO2, and Bacillus sp. COBZ21 coculture. By studying the ADME-related physicochemical properties of coculture extract, the compound showed log P_o/w values above 5 (8.82). The solubility of the substance was moderate. In order to provide a comprehensive definition of medicinal chemistry and leadlikness, it is important to note that the latter did not meet the criteria outlined in the rule of three (RO3). The toxicity prediction of the coculture extract was performed using the ProTox II web server, which showed that the selected compound has no pronounced toxicity.

The use of phytobiotic as functional feed additives is a promising inducer for growth performance and immune response in the Pacific whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). It can be also commercially applied in combination with chemotherapeutic agents and vaccines. This study was carried out to evaluate the use of a commercial phytobiotic feed additive, Sanacore® GM, containing vegetable fatty acids and inactivated Saccharomyces cerevisiae with herbal extracts, on growth, body composition, non-specific immune response, antioxidant index, intestinal microflora count, and fungal resistance to Fusarium solani challenge in Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Shrimp juveniles (5.00 ± 0.1 g) were randomly distributed into 12 hapas (1 m³) in triplicates at a stocking density of 20 shrimp per hapa and fed increasing levels of Sanacore® (0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3%) for 63 days. At the end of the feeding trial, the experimental shrimp were infected with F. solani, and mortality was recorded for 15 days. Results revealed that growth performance, feed utilization, and whole-body protein deposition were improved with increasing dietary sanacore levels. A significant improvement was reported in cellular (hemocyte counts, phagocytosis, phagocytic index, respiratory burst activity) and humoral (lysozyme and phenoloxidase) immune responses with higher dietary sanacore levels. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were notably improved in shrimp-fed sanacore-supplemented diets. Meanwhile, malondialdehyde level was significantly decreased in all sanacore-supplemented shrimp. Furthermore, the dietary sanacore consistently increased probiotic bacterial counts and decreased enteric and Clostridium sp. counts in the intestine. Juveniles fed with Sanacore exhibited significantly lower mortality rates when challenged with F. solani. In conclusion, dietary sanacore could exhibit a profitable effect on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity, intestinal microbial, and the health condition of L. vannamei. Thus, sanacore can be used as an attractive feed supplement in the L. vannamei diet (0.2–0.3%), providing more insights into its application in aquaculture as a functional immunostimulant feed additive.

Natural diatomite as well as zeolite has been recognized as useful affordable adsorbents for water treatments for heavy metals elimination. The raw materials, zeolite and diatomite were modified using organic acid (citric acid) in different molarity degrees, i.e., 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 molar, aiming to increase their surface area by forming new functional groups and increasing the active sites. The modifiers were tested as adsorbent materials for eliminating heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu, Al, Ni, As and Cd) from El-Batts drain wastewater, Fayoum, Egypt. Also, diatomite as well as zeolite were investigated regarding surface chemistry (SEM), (FTIR), and antimicrobial activities. Batch adsorption trials were performed, and four kinetic models employed in assessing heavy metals release's data compliance from studied contaminated water including Elovich, Parabolic diffusion, modified Freundlich, and first-order equations. Results revealed that metals adsorption on zeolite and diatomite conforms well to Elovich model. The kinetic studies were better fitted to the Elovich and modified Freundlich models. With a correlation coefficient (R ² > 0.98), heavy metals elimination by the various treatments was significantly correlated with the Elovich, first-order and modified Freundlich models. Results showed the treated zeolite and diatomite materials were verified to be functional adsorbents for minimizing the hazards of heavy metals from low-quality water to the permissible levels. In addition, washing, heating, and treating zeolite and diatomite with moderate organic acid (citric acid) could increase the active sites and boost their surfaces with open pores and channels. The treatment of zeolite and diatomite with citric acid at 0.6 and 0.2 M, respectively, exhibited optimal molarity values to increase their adsorption capacity to the studied inorganic pollutants with their various concentrations.

During the last decades, technologies for agricultural drainage water remediation had been widely explored to oppose the arising intimidation of their pollutants on health, biotas and farming sustainability. The present study targeted to augment the remediation competence of inorganic pollutants and faecal coliforms from agricultural drainage water using different types of clay minerals. Kaolinite, Bentonite, Ball clay and Aswan clay were used either solely or in amalgamation with some biological premeditative amendments (cultures of Phosphate dissolving Bacteria (PDB) and/or Acidithiobacillus sp.] for drainage water remediation of samples delivered from Belbies and Rahawy agricultural drains. Nineteen trails and four groups were implemented for each drain together with a control sample. Water samples were analysed before and after clay minerals’ trails application for detection of Cd(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and As(V) by Atomic Spectroscopy. Total faecal bacteria presence was also quantified through direct culturing on MacConkey agar plates. The obtained results confirmed a significant decrease in the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn and As pollutants as well as a decrease in the faecal coliform intensities under all trailed treatments compared to control samples. Worthy to mention that 4th group and especially T18 (Bentonite + Acidithiobacillus+ phosphate dissolving bacteria) was the most efficient in minimising the hazards of PTEs and the existence of faecal microbes.

Recently, management of soil irrigated with low-quality water has become necessary to have a healthy crop. This research work aims to design the best management practices (BMP) to minimize drainage water hazards in the soil ecosystems. Based on the source of irrigation water, a column experiment was implemented on three soil samples that collected from three governorate in Egypt. The subsistence of enteric pathogens in soil irrigated with three types of low-quality water either sole sewage effluent (Giza) or a mix of drainage and industrial effluent (Kafr-el-sheikh) or drainage effluent (Sinai) was monitored periodically for 90 days. The trailed soils were divided as: non inoculated cultivated (C) or inoculated cultivated with sole phosphate dissolving bacteria (T1) or Acidithiobacillus sp. (T2) or with a combination of both microorganisms (T3). Three common hyperaccumulator plants (Brassica napus, Plantago psyllium, and Plantago major) were cultivated separately in cultivated, inoculated soil trials in comparison to non-cultivated, non-inoculated control treatments (NC). Results section illustrates the removal pattern of fecal coliforms and Salmonella sp. in the trailed soil ecosystems, in response to different treatments during 90 days of experimental monitoring. The trailed remediation amendments, either in the single or combined application, followed by phytoremediation with three different phytoremediation plants, exhibited a positive effect in diminishing pathogenic bacteria in the three tested soil ecosystems, yet at varying degrees. The study concludes that, applied mixture of all treatments represented by choice of Plantago psyllium (as best phytoremediator plant) and combination of two remeditative bacterial inoculums (Acidithiobacillus and phosphate dissolving bacteria) in contaminated soil was selected as the BMP among the other applied treatments.