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P. Schultz
Department of Psychology, California State University, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA

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Journal article
Published: 21 July 2021 in Sustainability
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Connectedness with nature refers to an individual’s beliefs about their relationship with the natural environment. The current paper integrates connectedness with nature into a broader framework of balanced identity theory as a form of self-concept, and presents new data showing that individuals tend toward balanced-congruity and hold cognitive configurations that balance self-concept, environmental attitudes, and self-esteem. In essence, when an individual scores highly on one of these constructs, it is likely that they will score highly on the other two constructs. Two hundred and seventy-six undergraduate students completed explicit and implicit measures of connectedness with nature, attitudes toward nature, and self-esteem. The balanced-congruity principle was supported with implicit measures (e.g., Implicit Association Test), but not explicitly with self-report measures. Results suggest that attitudes toward nature, connectedness with nature, and self-esteem form a balanced triadic structure of implicit environmental identity. The findings extend our understanding of connectedness with nature, by integrating it into a broader framework that links connectedness, attitudes, and self-esteem as a triadic form of environmental identity. This finding has important implications for practitioners interested in fostering environmental identities and promoting sustainability.

ACS Style

Coral Bruni; P. Schultz; Anna Woodcock. The Balanced Structure of Environmental Identity. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8168 .

AMA Style

Coral Bruni, P. Schultz, Anna Woodcock. The Balanced Structure of Environmental Identity. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (15):8168.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Coral Bruni; P. Schultz; Anna Woodcock. 2021. "The Balanced Structure of Environmental Identity." Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8168.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2020 in Journal of Environmental Psychology
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Research has shown that messages containing descriptive normative feedback can induce behavior change in the direction of the norm. However, the literature is mixed regarding the relative influence of more specific referent groups. This study compared the effectiveness of social normative feedback at increasing waste diversion, across four referent groups varying in their degree of specificity. A sample of 1560 single-family households in California were randomly assigned to one of six possible conditions: specific normative feedback about their immediate neighbors, exemplary normative feedback about the best recyclers in their city, generic normative feedback about the other residents in their neighborhood, normative feedback about a statewide waste diversion target, information-only, or no-contact control. Households in the feedback conditions received a mailed personalized Home Waste and Recycling report comparing their diversion rate to an assigned referent group. Results showed that normative feedback increased diversion rates compared to the control conditions, but results did not show significant differences between the feedback conditions. Additional results showed that the treatment effects were driven primarily by changes among households that were below the norm in baseline diversion rates. Findings are discussed within the framework of the Focus Theory of Normative Conduct, and the implications for large-scale applications.

ACS Style

Samantha N. Mertens; P. Wesley Schultz. Referent group specificity: Optimizing normative feedback to increase residential recycling. Journal of Environmental Psychology 2020, 73, 101541 .

AMA Style

Samantha N. Mertens, P. Wesley Schultz. Referent group specificity: Optimizing normative feedback to increase residential recycling. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 2020; 73 ():101541.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samantha N. Mertens; P. Wesley Schultz. 2020. "Referent group specificity: Optimizing normative feedback to increase residential recycling." Journal of Environmental Psychology 73, no. : 101541.

Empirical study article
Published: 10 July 2019 in Frontiers in Water
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Many regions around the world experience both chronic and intermittent needs for residents to reduce their water consumption. Recent advances in water metering infrastructure offer opportunities to provide customers with detailed feedback about their consumption, but research in behavioral science suggests that feedback by itself is not enough to motivate conservation. The current empirical work builds on previous studies showing the ability of an augmented feedback approach to promote reductions in residential water consumption, and extends previous research by exploring the variability in responses to this feedback. A sample of Sacramento customers was provided with printed home water reports in which they could see their household water consumption compared with similar homes in their area. The results showed that households that received the report used 8.35% less water in the subsequent 6 months than did similar households that did not receive the printed reports. Additional analyses showed that the effect was particularly strong for high-consuming households, and that the discrepancy between household consumption and similar homes influenced the amount of water savings.

ACS Style

Wesley Schultz; Shahram Javey; Alla Sorokina. Social Comparison as a Tool to Promote Residential Water Conservation. Frontiers in Water 2019, 1, 1 .

AMA Style

Wesley Schultz, Shahram Javey, Alla Sorokina. Social Comparison as a Tool to Promote Residential Water Conservation. Frontiers in Water. 2019; 1 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wesley Schultz; Shahram Javey; Alla Sorokina. 2019. "Social Comparison as a Tool to Promote Residential Water Conservation." Frontiers in Water 1, no. : 1.

Peer reviewed
Published: 07 August 2018 in Journal AWWA
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Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) allows for hour‐by‐hour monitoring of water usage and has created new opportunities to communicate with customers. This article summarizes the results from a large‐scale deployment of an AMI system with more than 85,000 residential customers. Households were provided with access to a secure customer online portal where they could view their consumption information, use a leak detection algorithm to monitor their consumption patterns, and set alerts when a potential leak was detected. Analyses showed that, subsequent to signup, households that accessed the customer portal were less likely to have a leak, and when a leak did occur, they repaired it more quickly, compared with similar households that did not sign up for online access. The results provide strong evidence for the value of leak detection analytics and alerts at minimizing water loss and damage due to leaks.

ACS Style

Wesley Schultz; Shahram Javey; Alla Sorokina. Smart Water Meters and Data Analytics Decrease Wasted Water Due to Leaks. Journal AWWA 2018, 110, E24 -E30.

AMA Style

Wesley Schultz, Shahram Javey, Alla Sorokina. Smart Water Meters and Data Analytics Decrease Wasted Water Due to Leaks. Journal AWWA. 2018; 110 (11):E24-E30.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wesley Schultz; Shahram Javey; Alla Sorokina. 2018. "Smart Water Meters and Data Analytics Decrease Wasted Water Due to Leaks." Journal AWWA 110, no. 11: E24-E30.

Book part
Published: 30 May 2018 in Applied Social Psychology
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Introduction Jessica got to work on time today, but just barely. After driving down the freeway from the suburban community of Carlsbad to the city of San Diego at rush hour, she was personally aware of the congested roadways. But unlike most of us who endure traffic delays, she gets to think about it all day at her job. Jessica works for the Metropolitan Transit System in San Diego, California. Her office oversees the bus, trolley, and rail services throughout the city. Her job is to work out ways to decrease road congestion and increase use of the public transport systems. The problem is fairly clear – too many people (including Jessica!) take private cars to work. The existing streets and roadways cannot accommodate the 1.2 million residents that make use of them, and, especially during morning and evening hours when people are commuting to and from work, traffic is a major problem. As with all of the social problems discussed throughout this book, human behaviour is the cause. Consequently, solving the problem will require a change in behaviour. But changing human behaviour can be challenging, and our chances of success can be greatly increased by incorporating a social-psychological perspective. We can begin with some basic psychological questions: What motivates a person to drive, rather than take the bus? Can we motivate and encourage residents to drive less by encouraging use of the public transport, a car-pool, or a bicycle? How do we know if our efforts to motivate behavioural change were successful? These questions reflect the primary functions of theory in applied social psychology – understanding (U), solution (S), and evaluation (E). See Figure 2.1. For more than a hundred years, social psychologists have used the scientific method to understand the ways in which individuals think about, relate to, and are influenced by others. The discipline has amassed a large volume of theories about human behaviour, and these theories provide a foundation for understanding and solving many social problems, such as the issue of traffic congestion we just described. In this chapter, we discuss the role of theory in the field of applied social psychology, provide a broad overview of the types of theories discussed throughout this book, and conclude with some of the challenges that arise when using theory to solve social problems.

ACS Style

Mica Estrada; P. Wesley Schultz; Linda Steg; Kees Keizer; Abraham P. Buunk; Talib Rothengatter. The use of theory in applied social psychology. Applied Social Psychology 2018, 27 -51.

AMA Style

Mica Estrada, P. Wesley Schultz, Linda Steg, Kees Keizer, Abraham P. Buunk, Talib Rothengatter. The use of theory in applied social psychology. Applied Social Psychology. 2018; ():27-51.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mica Estrada; P. Wesley Schultz; Linda Steg; Kees Keizer; Abraham P. Buunk; Talib Rothengatter. 2018. "The use of theory in applied social psychology." Applied Social Psychology , no. : 27-51.

Journal article
Published: 29 March 2018 in Perspectives on Psychological Science
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The influence of social norms on behavior has been a longstanding storyline within social psychology. Our 2007 Psychological Science publication presented a new rendition of this classic telling. The reported field experiment showed that social norms could be leveraged to promote residential energy conservation, but importantly, the descriptive norm was shown to increase consumption for low-consuming households. This potential destructive effect of social norms was eliminated with the addition of an injunctive message of social approval for using less energy. The article is among the 30 most-cited articles across all APS publications, which we attribute to our methodology, which measured real behavior in a large-scale field experiment and to several circumstances associated with the timing of the work. The article coincided with the explosion of social media, the emergence of behavioral economics, and a heightened level of concern about climate change. These contemporaneous activities set the stage for our work and for its high degree of citation.

ACS Style

P. Wesley Schultz; Jessica M. Nolan; Robert B. Cialdini; Noah J. Goldstein; Vladas Griskevicius. The Constructive, Destructive, and Reconstructive Power of Social Norms: Reprise. Perspectives on Psychological Science 2018, 13, 249 -254.

AMA Style

P. Wesley Schultz, Jessica M. Nolan, Robert B. Cialdini, Noah J. Goldstein, Vladas Griskevicius. The Constructive, Destructive, and Reconstructive Power of Social Norms: Reprise. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2018; 13 (2):249-254.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P. Wesley Schultz; Jessica M. Nolan; Robert B. Cialdini; Noah J. Goldstein; Vladas Griskevicius. 2018. "The Constructive, Destructive, and Reconstructive Power of Social Norms: Reprise." Perspectives on Psychological Science 13, no. 2: 249-254.

Journal article
Published: 07 February 2018 in BioScience
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New data highlight the importance of undergraduate research experiences (UREs) for keeping underrepresented science students on the pathway to a scientific career. We used a large-scale, 10-year, longitudinal, multi-institutional, propensity-score-matched research design to compare the academic performance and persistence in science of students who participated in URE(s) with those of similar students who had no research experience. Our results showed that students who completed 10 or more hours of cocurricular, faculty-mentored research per week across two or more academic semesters or summers were significantly more likely to graduate with a science-related bachelor's degree, to be accepted into a science-related graduate training program, and to be training for or working in the scientific workforce 6 years after graduation. Importantly, the findings show that just having a URE was not enough to influence persistence in science; it required a commitment of 10 or more hours per week over two or more semesters of faculty-mentored research.

ACS Style

Paul R Hernandez; Anna Woodcock; Mica Estrada; P Wesley Schultz. Undergraduate Research Experiences Broaden Diversity in the Scientific Workforce. BioScience 2018, 68, 204 -211.

AMA Style

Paul R Hernandez, Anna Woodcock, Mica Estrada, P Wesley Schultz. Undergraduate Research Experiences Broaden Diversity in the Scientific Workforce. BioScience. 2018; 68 (3):204-211.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paul R Hernandez; Anna Woodcock; Mica Estrada; P Wesley Schultz. 2018. "Undergraduate Research Experiences Broaden Diversity in the Scientific Workforce." BioScience 68, no. 3: 204-211.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2017 in Consciousness and Cognition
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This current article explores the differential effects of mindful learning on pro-environmental behavior from the perspective of self-expansion. A total of 253 participants were recruited for four experiments. In Study 1, the mindful-learning group reported greater levels of pro-environmental behavioral intentions compared to a randomized control. In Study 2, we utilized different learning materials focusing on self, humans, or the biosphere in three sub-experiments. Study 2a manipulated mindsets by a self-related focus and revealed participants in a mindfulness condition had lower pro-environmental behavioral intentions than those in the mindlessness group. Study 2b centered on “humans” and results showed that participants in a mindfulness group reported higher levels of pro-environmental behavioral intentions. Finally, Study 2c induced mindsets with a biospheric focus, showing participants in the mindful-learning condition had greater pro-environmental behavioral intentions. Combined, the studies provide empirical evidence that mindful learning could influence self-reported pro-environmental behavioral intentions both positively and negatively.

ACS Style

Yanmei Tang; Liuna Geng; P. Wesley Schultz; Kexin Zhou; Peng Xiang. The effects of mindful learning on pro-environmental behavior: A self-expansion perspective. Consciousness and Cognition 2017, 51, 140 -148.

AMA Style

Yanmei Tang, Liuna Geng, P. Wesley Schultz, Kexin Zhou, Peng Xiang. The effects of mindful learning on pro-environmental behavior: A self-expansion perspective. Consciousness and Cognition. 2017; 51 ():140-148.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yanmei Tang; Liuna Geng; P. Wesley Schultz; Kexin Zhou; Peng Xiang. 2017. "The effects of mindful learning on pro-environmental behavior: A self-expansion perspective." Consciousness and Cognition 51, no. : 140-148.

Book
Published: 24 April 2017 in Applied Social Psychology
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ACS Style

Mica Estrada; P. Wesley Schultz; Philip K. Lehman; E. Scott Geller; Jan Willem Bolderdijk; Melissa Burkley; Hart Blanton; Wolfgang Stroebe; Nina Hansen; W. Fred Van Raaij; Pascal Huguet; Hans Kuyper; Robert Gifford; Arie Dijkstra; Alexander Rothman; Jan Pieter Van Oudenhoven; Charles Judd; Colleen Ward; Pieternel Dijkstra; Arjan Blokland; Dick De Gilder; Naomi Ellemers; Martin Rosema; Bert N. Bakker; Remco Polman; Erika Borkoles; Xavier Sanchez; Ayça Berfu Ünal; Bryan E. Porter. Applied Social Psychology. Applied Social Psychology 2017, 1 .

AMA Style

Mica Estrada, P. Wesley Schultz, Philip K. Lehman, E. Scott Geller, Jan Willem Bolderdijk, Melissa Burkley, Hart Blanton, Wolfgang Stroebe, Nina Hansen, W. Fred Van Raaij, Pascal Huguet, Hans Kuyper, Robert Gifford, Arie Dijkstra, Alexander Rothman, Jan Pieter Van Oudenhoven, Charles Judd, Colleen Ward, Pieternel Dijkstra, Arjan Blokland, Dick De Gilder, Naomi Ellemers, Martin Rosema, Bert N. Bakker, Remco Polman, Erika Borkoles, Xavier Sanchez, Ayça Berfu Ünal, Bryan E. Porter. Applied Social Psychology. Applied Social Psychology. 2017; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mica Estrada; P. Wesley Schultz; Philip K. Lehman; E. Scott Geller; Jan Willem Bolderdijk; Melissa Burkley; Hart Blanton; Wolfgang Stroebe; Nina Hansen; W. Fred Van Raaij; Pascal Huguet; Hans Kuyper; Robert Gifford; Arie Dijkstra; Alexander Rothman; Jan Pieter Van Oudenhoven; Charles Judd; Colleen Ward; Pieternel Dijkstra; Arjan Blokland; Dick De Gilder; Naomi Ellemers; Martin Rosema; Bert N. Bakker; Remco Polman; Erika Borkoles; Xavier Sanchez; Ayça Berfu Ünal; Bryan E. Porter. 2017. "Applied Social Psychology." Applied Social Psychology , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 17 April 2017 in Sustainability
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Smart home technologies offer exciting opportunities to promote more efficient uses of energy. For instance, programmable thermostats, centralized lighting controls, and rooftop solar panels all have potential for energy conservation and efficiency. However, these technologies alone will not guarantee energy savings. Whereas previous research on smart homes has focused on the technologies themselves, relatively little work has addressed the factors that shape the human-technology interface. In this review paper, we argue that in order to ensure any savings, smart home technologies must first be adopted by end-users, and once adopted, they must be used in ways that promote energy efficiency. We focus on three areas of behavioral research with implications for smart home technologies: (1) defaults; (2) perceived adjustability or control; and (3) trust in automation. Linking these areas, we propose a new concept for improving the efficiency gains of smart homes. First, although smart device controls can help save energy, considerably larger energy efficiency gains can be realized through smart automation. But importantly, the default settings of systems should be “green”, to maximize energy savings. Second, many people have concerns around relinquishing decision-making to technologies, which can reduce the likelihood of adoption. People want to be, or at least to feel, in control of their homes, even if they do not adjust settings post-installation. Further, consumer trust in technologies encourages adoption in the first place; trust also impacts consumer interactions with installed devices and can impact default acceptance. Combining these concepts, we recommend that smart home technologies build consumer trust and come pre-programmed with adjustable green defaults, which permit consumers to change initial green settings.

ACS Style

Nicole D. Sintov; P. Wesley Schultz. Adjustable Green Defaults Can Help Make Smart Homes More Sustainable. Sustainability 2017, 9, 622 .

AMA Style

Nicole D. Sintov, P. Wesley Schultz. Adjustable Green Defaults Can Help Make Smart Homes More Sustainable. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (4):622.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicole D. Sintov; P. Wesley Schultz. 2017. "Adjustable Green Defaults Can Help Make Smart Homes More Sustainable." Sustainability 9, no. 4: 622.

Review
Published: 01 April 2016 in Current Opinion in Psychology
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The way individuals relate to the natural environment is culturally patterned. In this article we review and discuss cross-cultural differences and similarities in a number of important domains including environmental concern, environmental risk perception, and pro-environmental behaviour. Three possible psychological universals (future thinking, self-transcendent orientation, and psychological distance) in association with pro-environmental attitudes and behaviour are proposed, and cultural variations are also discussed. We highlight evidence-including new analyses of cross-cultural data-indicating that an overwhelming majority of the world's population supports environmental protection, and identifies with the value of 'looking after the environment.'

ACS Style

Taciano L Milfont; P Wesley Schultz. Culture and the natural environment. Current Opinion in Psychology 2016, 8, 194 -199.

AMA Style

Taciano L Milfont, P Wesley Schultz. Culture and the natural environment. Current Opinion in Psychology. 2016; 8 ():194-199.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Taciano L Milfont; P Wesley Schultz. 2016. "Culture and the natural environment." Current Opinion in Psychology 8, no. : 194-199.

Articles
Published: 14 August 2015 in Environmental Education Research
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People in industrialized countries may be losing their connection with nature. The Get to Know Program (Get to Know) is a multi-faceted program aimed at encouraging direct connection with nature through a variety of activities (observations of wildlife, hiking, creative arts, and special events), specifically among youth. Three studies assessed the effects of three Get to Know program activities on youth’s implicit connectedness with nature (measured using a computer based game). Participants were youth recruited from southern California schools or youth organizations. Participation in the Get to Know Program’s Creative Arts Contest was associated with increased implicit connectedness with nature. However, participation in the Get to Know Natural Treasure Adventure and Virtual Hike did not have an effect on connectedness with nature. Implications of these findings are important for agencies seeking to find effective tools for outreach focused on connecting participants with nature.

ACS Style

Coral M. Bruni; Patricia Winter; P. Wesley Schultz; Allen M. Omoto; Jennifer J. Tabanico. Getting to know nature: evaluating the effects of the Get to Know Program on children’s connectedness with nature. Environmental Education Research 2015, 23, 43 -62.

AMA Style

Coral M. Bruni, Patricia Winter, P. Wesley Schultz, Allen M. Omoto, Jennifer J. Tabanico. Getting to know nature: evaluating the effects of the Get to Know Program on children’s connectedness with nature. Environmental Education Research. 2015; 23 (1):43-62.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Coral M. Bruni; Patricia Winter; P. Wesley Schultz; Allen M. Omoto; Jennifer J. Tabanico. 2015. "Getting to know nature: evaluating the effects of the Get to Know Program on children’s connectedness with nature." Environmental Education Research 23, no. 1: 43-62.

Conference paper
Published: 22 July 2015 in Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV
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The mission of the Personalized Energy Reduction Cyber-physical System (PERCS) is to create new possibilities for improving building operating efficiency, enhancing grid reliability, avoiding costly power interruptions, and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. PERCS proposes to achieve these outcomes by engaging building occupants as partners in a user-centered smart service platform. Using a non-intrusive load monitoring approach, PERCS uses a single sensing point in each home to capture smart electric meter data in real time. The household energy signal is disaggregated into individual load signatures of common appliances (e.g., air conditioners), yielding near real-time appliance-level energy information. Users interact with PERCS via a mobile phone platform that provides household- and appliance-level energy feedback, tailored recommendations, and a competitive game tied to energy use and behavioral changes. PERCS challenges traditional energy management approaches by directly engaging occupant as key elements in a technological system.

ACS Style

Nicole D. Sintov; Michael D. Orosz; P. Wesley Schultz. Personalized Energy Reduction Cyber-physical System (PERCS): A Gamified End-User Platform for Energy Efficiency and Demand Response. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV 2015, 602 -613.

AMA Style

Nicole D. Sintov, Michael D. Orosz, P. Wesley Schultz. Personalized Energy Reduction Cyber-physical System (PERCS): A Gamified End-User Platform for Energy Efficiency and Demand Response. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV. 2015; ():602-613.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicole D. Sintov; Michael D. Orosz; P. Wesley Schultz. 2015. "Personalized Energy Reduction Cyber-physical System (PERCS): A Gamified End-User Platform for Energy Efficiency and Demand Response." Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV , no. : 602-613.

Research article
Published: 30 March 2015 in Social Marketing Quarterly
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Recent technological advancements in lighting have produced light bulbs that are dramatically more efficient than the traditional incandescent bulb. Yet despite these benefits, the marketplace has been slow to adopt these newer and more efficient bulbs. To help facilitate this change, the Environmental Protection Agency’s ENERGY STAR program conducted a series of pilot behavior change campaigns to encourage residents to purchase and install ENERGY STAR-certified light-emitting diode (LED) lights. Campaigns were conducted with Duke Energy and Efficiency Vermont aimed at encouraging residents to purchase and install certified LED lighting in their homes. The campaigns used community-based social marketing (CBSM) as the platform for developing the overarching strategy and were developed to highlight the benefits of certified LED lights and to decrease the barriers. In Vermont, a school-based fund-raiser was used to promote certified LED bulbs, and in North Carolina, special in-store lighting events were held at Home Depot and Costco retail locations. Both programs were implemented using a control group, and quantitative outcomes were tracked. Reported results highlight the increase in sales of certified LEDs associated with the campaigns. Survey data are also reported from participants in the two campaigns, along with tests for spillover of the newly adopted behavior into other lighting purchases and behaviors. The lessons learned from these two CBSM pilots are synthesized into turnkey materials that can be adopted by other organizations looking to promote the adoption of LED lights.

ACS Style

P. Wesley Schultz; Julie Colehour; Jill Vohr; Lara Bonn; Ashlee Bullock; Amy Sadler. Using Social Marketing to Spur Residential Adoption of ENERGY STAR®-Certified LED Lighting. Social Marketing Quarterly 2015, 21, 61 -78.

AMA Style

P. Wesley Schultz, Julie Colehour, Jill Vohr, Lara Bonn, Ashlee Bullock, Amy Sadler. Using Social Marketing to Spur Residential Adoption of ENERGY STAR®-Certified LED Lighting. Social Marketing Quarterly. 2015; 21 (2):61-78.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P. Wesley Schultz; Julie Colehour; Jill Vohr; Lara Bonn; Ashlee Bullock; Amy Sadler. 2015. "Using Social Marketing to Spur Residential Adoption of ENERGY STAR®-Certified LED Lighting." Social Marketing Quarterly 21, no. 2: 61-78.

Research article
Published: 12 October 2014 in Environment and Behavior
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This article examines the role of social norms messages in promoting water conservation. A field experiment is reported in which residents were provided with personalized feedback about their water consumption, coupled with normative information about similar households in their neighborhood. Normative information was provided either through a web-based interface or through postal mail, and survey data were collected from residents prior to treatment. Results showed that residents who received normative information consumed less water than a randomized control group. Additional analyses showed that web-based distribution was less effective than postal mail. Finally, moderated regression analyses showed that residents with strong personal norms about reduced water consumption were less affected by the normative messages than were residents with low personal norms. Implications are discussed for both theory and practice.

ACS Style

P. Wesley Schultz; Alyssa Messina; Giuseppe Tronu; Eleuterio F. Limas; Rupanwita Gupta; Mica Estrada. Personalized Normative Feedback and the Moderating Role of Personal Norms. Environment and Behavior 2014, 48, 686 -710.

AMA Style

P. Wesley Schultz, Alyssa Messina, Giuseppe Tronu, Eleuterio F. Limas, Rupanwita Gupta, Mica Estrada. Personalized Normative Feedback and the Moderating Role of Personal Norms. Environment and Behavior. 2014; 48 (5):686-710.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P. Wesley Schultz; Alyssa Messina; Giuseppe Tronu; Eleuterio F. Limas; Rupanwita Gupta; Mica Estrada. 2014. "Personalized Normative Feedback and the Moderating Role of Personal Norms." Environment and Behavior 48, no. 5: 686-710.

Research article
Published: 10 January 2014 in Social Marketing Quarterly
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Achieving a sustainable future will require that people do things differently. Community-based social marketing (CBSM) provides a framework for fostering sustainable behavior, and the approach is being increasingly utilized across a range of domains including energy conservation, recycling, reducing water consumption, promoting sustainable seafood consumption, and many others. This article provides guidance to practitioners about the optimal use of specific behavior change tools. The article summarizes commitment strategies, social diffusion, goal setting, social norms, prompts, incentives, feedback, and convenience as effective tools for encouraging changes in behavior. For each, we summarize the basic approach and provide recommendations regarding when each tool is most appropriate, depending on the existing levels of barriers and benefits associated with the target behavior. The article concludes with three examples of CBSM to illustrate this selection process.

ACS Style

Doug McKenzie-Mohr; P. Wesley Schultz. Choosing Effective Behavior Change Tools. Social Marketing Quarterly 2014, 20, 35 -46.

AMA Style

Doug McKenzie-Mohr, P. Wesley Schultz. Choosing Effective Behavior Change Tools. Social Marketing Quarterly. 2014; 20 (1):35-46.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Doug McKenzie-Mohr; P. Wesley Schultz. 2014. "Choosing Effective Behavior Change Tools." Social Marketing Quarterly 20, no. 1: 35-46.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2014 in European Psychologist
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Environmental problems have their origins in human behavior, and as a result, any solution to environmental issues will require changes in behavior. While many disciplines in the social and behavioral sciences offer important perspectives on the behaviors linked with environmental problems, the study of the individual brings a focus on cognitive, social, and motivational processes that provides insights into effective ways to promote change. Psychological research on proenvironmental behavior dates back nearly 40 years, and within this rich body of empirical research are a number of well-established findings. Strategies such as prompts, commitments, feedback, social norms, incentives, and convenience have all been shown to effectively promote proenvironmental behavior – at least in some contexts, for some behaviors, and for some individuals. This article begins with a brief overview of these research findings, and then proceeds to examine the less-explored question about when various strategies work. The article concludes with recommendations for selecting an appropriate strategy for promoting behavior change, along with fruitful areas for future research.

ACS Style

P. Wesley Schultz. Strategies for Promoting Proenvironmental Behavior. European Psychologist 2014, 19, 107 -117.

AMA Style

P. Wesley Schultz. Strategies for Promoting Proenvironmental Behavior. European Psychologist. 2014; 19 (2):107-117.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P. Wesley Schultz. 2014. "Strategies for Promoting Proenvironmental Behavior." European Psychologist 19, no. 2: 107-117.

Dataset
Published: 01 January 2014 in PsycEXTRA Dataset
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ACS Style

Maria Anne Aguilar; Caroline Robles; Jordan Zuber; James Hin; Micah Millard; Kaitlyn Gillen; Mica Estrada; P. Wesley Schultz. So happy (and sad) together: Contagious emotional displays and descriptive emotion norms impact the maintenance of affect. PsycEXTRA Dataset 2014, 1 .

AMA Style

Maria Anne Aguilar, Caroline Robles, Jordan Zuber, James Hin, Micah Millard, Kaitlyn Gillen, Mica Estrada, P. Wesley Schultz. So happy (and sad) together: Contagious emotional displays and descriptive emotion norms impact the maintenance of affect. PsycEXTRA Dataset. 2014; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Anne Aguilar; Caroline Robles; Jordan Zuber; James Hin; Micah Millard; Kaitlyn Gillen; Mica Estrada; P. Wesley Schultz. 2014. "So happy (and sad) together: Contagious emotional displays and descriptive emotion norms impact the maintenance of affect." PsycEXTRA Dataset , no. : 1.

Dataset
Published: 01 January 2014 in PsycEXTRA Dataset
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ACS Style

Paul R. Hernandez; Anna Woodcock; Mica Estrada; Maria Aguilar; Britt'ny Gonzales; Lilibeth Flores; Stephen Quartucci; P. Wesley Schultz. Weathering the storm: Stem training programs buffer minority students from the negative outcomes, but not the experience, of stereotype threat. PsycEXTRA Dataset 2014, 1 .

AMA Style

Paul R. Hernandez, Anna Woodcock, Mica Estrada, Maria Aguilar, Britt'ny Gonzales, Lilibeth Flores, Stephen Quartucci, P. Wesley Schultz. Weathering the storm: Stem training programs buffer minority students from the negative outcomes, but not the experience, of stereotype threat. PsycEXTRA Dataset. 2014; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paul R. Hernandez; Anna Woodcock; Mica Estrada; Maria Aguilar; Britt'ny Gonzales; Lilibeth Flores; Stephen Quartucci; P. Wesley Schultz. 2014. "Weathering the storm: Stem training programs buffer minority students from the negative outcomes, but not the experience, of stereotype threat." PsycEXTRA Dataset , no. : 1.

Book
Published: 16 December 2013 in Prosocial Behavior and Environmental Action
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Research on pro-environmental behavior has drawn heavily on theories and principles of prosocial behavior. The authors argue that while prosocial theories can provide a starting point for understanding pro-environmental action, they require an extension to include nonhuman beneficiaries of helping. This chapter then focuses on reviewing the psychological research on pro-environmental behavior through the lens of several theories of prosocial behavior: moral-norm-activation and the value-belief-norm extension, empathy-altruism and models of self-expansion, negative state relief and green guilt, and bystander intervention. Given the urgent need for action to address environmental problems, this is an important and rapidly growing area of research and application.

ACS Style

Jessica M. Nolan; P. Wesley Schultz. Prosocial Behavior and Environmental Action. Prosocial Behavior and Environmental Action 2013, 1 .

AMA Style

Jessica M. Nolan, P. Wesley Schultz. Prosocial Behavior and Environmental Action. Prosocial Behavior and Environmental Action. 2013; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jessica M. Nolan; P. Wesley Schultz. 2013. "Prosocial Behavior and Environmental Action." Prosocial Behavior and Environmental Action , no. : 1.