Many embryogenic systems have been designed to generate somatic embryos (SEs) with the morphology, biochemistry, and vigor uniformity of zygotic embryos (ZEs). During the current investigation, several antioxidants were added to the maturation media of the developing somatic embryos of date palm. Explant material was a friable embryogenic callus that was placed in maturation media containing ABA at 0.5 mg L⁻¹, 5 g L⁻¹ polyethylene glycol, and 10 g L⁻¹ phytagel. Furthermore, α-tocopherol or reduced glutathione (GSH) were used separately at (25 and 50 mg L⁻¹). These treatments were compared to a widely used date palm combination of reduced ascorbic acid (ASC) and citric acid at 150 and 100 mg L⁻¹, respectively, and to the medium free from any antioxidants. The relative growth percentage of embryogenic callus (EC), globularization degree, differentiation%, and SEs number were significantly increased with GSH (50 mg L⁻¹). Additionally, the latter treatment significantly enhanced the conversion% of SEs and the number of secondary somatic embryos (SSEs). ASC and citric acid treatment increased leaf length, while α-tochopherol (50 mg L⁻¹) elevated the number of leaves plantlet⁻¹. GSH at 50 mg L⁻¹ catalyzed the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) in EC and enhanced the accumulation of proteins in SEs.

Plant tissue culture is becoming an important technique for the massive propagation of date palm and the available source lead to the success of this process. The mature female inflorescence is a novel and available source for in vitro propagation of date palm, nowadays become needed at the large scale to usage of organic nature materials in agriculture practice which are rich in plant growth regulators as well as micro elements. This study describes in vitro plant regeneration from mature female inflorescence explants of evaluating date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) by using the methanol extract of Moringa oleifera leaves which has great potential to be used as a natural source of nutraceutical in micropropagation. Mature inflorescences explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of an extract of Moringa leaves with or without add TDZ at 0.2 and 0.6 BA mg/l. Indoles, phenols, proteins, amino acids, and carbohydrates were determined. The addition of different concentrations of an extract of Moringa oleifera leaves with TDZ at 0.2 and 0.6 BA mg/l gave the highest significant average percentage of callus formation, friable callus, germination of embryos and numbers of embryos comparing with other treatments. Also, given the highest significant values of free amino acids and carbohydrates were noted in callus and embryo germination stage.

Barhee trees were facing the major problem as poor fruit set and low fruits quality (Shees fruits) and the low yield due to inadequate pollination, The date palm female trees under experimental study were uniformed under farm management as irrigation, pollination, pruning and soil fertilization with both mineral (N, P, K and S) and organic fertilizers (animal manure) to investigate the influence of boron and zinc to increasing fruit set and yield, zinc 1,2 and 3 g/l and Boron at 1,2 and 3 ml/l as foliar before pollinated inflorescences and soil application at 10,20 and 30 g/tree two times /month. The obtained results revealed that treated trees with Borax spraying at 2 ml/l + Zn 2 g/l as pre pollination with soil application at 20 ml Borax + 20 g/l Zn induced heavy fruit, flesh and seeds with longest fruits that contributed to the biggest bunch weight and total yield/ tree in addition to higher rates of fruit retention and Flesh fruit weight %, fruit acidity and phenols were reduced. So based on the previous results, spraying inflorescences and soil treatments with Borax and Zn were applied for increasing and enhancing fruit quality and maximum yield of date palm cv. Barhee.