To assess Large Language Models in generating readable uveitis information and in improving the readability of online health information. Evaluation of Technology. Not applicable. ChatGPT and Bard were asked the following prompts: Prompt A) "considering that the average American reads at a 6^th grade level, using the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level formula, can you write patient-targeted health information on uveitis of around 6^th grade level?", and Prompt B) "can you write patient-targeted health information on uveitis that is easy to understand by an average American?". Additionally, ChatGPT and Bard were asked the following prompt from the first-page results of Google when the term "uveitis" was searched: "Considering that the average American reads at a 6^th grade level, using the Flesch-Kincaid Grade level formula, can you rewrite the following text to 6^th grade level: [insert text]". The readability of each response was analyzed and compared using several metrics described below. The Flesch Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), is a highly validated readability assessment tool that assigns a grade level to a given text, the total number of words, sentences, syllables, and complex words. Complex words were defined as those with greater than 2 syllables. ChatGPT and Bard generated responses with lower FKGL scores (i.e. easier-to-understand) in response to Prompt A compared to Prompt B. This was only significant for ChatGPT (p<0.0001). The mean FKGL of responses to ChatGPT (6.3 ±1.2) was significantly lower (p<0.0001) than Bard 10.5 ± 0.8. ChatGPT responses also contained less complex words than Bard (p<0.0001). Online health information on uveitis had a mean grade level of 11.0 ± 0.8. ChatGPT lowered the FKGL to 8.0 ± 1.0 (p<0.0001) when asked to re-write the content. Bard was not able to do so (mean FKGL of 11.1 ±1.6). ChatGPT can aid clinicians in producing easier-to-understand health information on uveitis for patients compared to already-existing content. It can also help with reducing the difficulty of the language used for uveitis health information targeted for patients.

Purpose: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPIs), novel immunotherapy agents employed in the treatment of metastatic melanoma and other solid tumors, are associated with immune-related adverse events, including ocular inflammation. We review the current literature on immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated uveitis (ICIPU). Methods: A comprehensive literature review utilizing MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases was conducted. One hundred and twenty-six cases of ICPIU reported in the literature prior to January 31, 2020 were identified and reviewed. Results: ICPIs were associated with 126 cases of anterior uveitis, intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, and panuveitis from 67 reports in the literature. Patients typically developed intraocular inflammation a median of 9 weeks after initiation of ICPI and 83.6% of the patients developed uveitis within 6 months. The vast majority of patients recovered to within one line of baseline vision in response to topical, local, and/or systemic steroid treatment as well as the cessation of medication. Conclusions: Prompt recognition and steroid treatment of ICPIU are critical to the care of patients receiving ICPIs.

To assess the risk of vaccine-associated uveitis (VAU) after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination and evaluate uveitis onset interval and clinical presentations in the patients. A retrospective study from December 11, 2020, to May 9, 2022, using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. Patients diagnosed with VAU after administration of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech, Pfizer Inc/BioNTech SE), mRNA-1273 (Moderna, Moderna Therapeutics Inc), and Ad26.COV2.S (Janssen, Janssen Pharmaceuticals) vaccine worldwide. A descriptive analysis of the demographics, clinical history, and presentation was performed. We evaluated the correlation among the 3 vaccines and continuous and categorical variables. A post hoc analysis was performed between uveitis onset interval after vaccination and age, dose, and vaccine type. Finally, a 30-day risk analysis for VAU onset postvaccination was performed. The estimated global crude reporting rate, observed to expected ratio of VAU in the United States, associated ocular and systemic presentations, and onset duration. A total of 1094 cases of VAU were reported from 40 countries with an estimated crude reporting rate (per million doses) of 0.57, 0.44, and 0.35 for BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and Ad26.COV2.S, respectively. The observed to expected ratio of VAU was comparable for BNT162b2 (0.023), mRNA-1273 (0.025), and Ad26.COV2.S (0.027). Most cases of VAU were reported in patients who received BNT162b2 (n = 853, 77.97%). The mean age of patients with VAU was 46.24 ± 16.93 years, and 68.65% (n = 751) were women. Most cases were reported after the first dose (n = 452, 41.32%) and within the first week (n = 591, 54.02%) of the vaccination. The onset interval for VAU was significantly longer in patients who received mRNA-1273 (21.22 ± 42.74 days) compared with BNT162b2 (11.42 ± 23.16 days) and rAd26.COV2.S (12.69 ± 16.02 days) vaccines (P < 0.0001). The post hoc analysis revealed a significantly shorter interval of onset for the BNT162b2 compared with the mRNA 1273 vaccine (P < 0.0001). The 30-day risk analysis showed a significant difference among the 3 vaccines (P < 0.0001). The low crude reporting rate and observed to expected ratio suggest a low safety concern for VAU. This study provides insights into a possible temporal association between reported VAU events and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines; however, further investigations are required to delineate the associated immunological mechanisms.

Key points: Vascular reactivity, the response of the vessels to a vasoactive stimulus such as hypoxia and hyperoxia, can be used to assess the vascular range of adjustment in which the vessels are able to compensate for changes in . Previous studies in the retina have not accurately quantified retinal vascular responses and precisely targeted multiple stimuli at the same time as controlling the level of carbon dioxide, thus precluding them from modelling the relationship between retinal blood flow and oxygen. The present study modelled the relationship between retinal blood flow and , showing them to be a combined linear and hyperbolic function. This model demonstrates that the resting tonus of the vessels is at the mid‐point and that they have great vascular range of adjustment, compensating for decreases in oxygen above a of 32–37 mmHg but being limited below this threshold. Retinal blood flow (RBF) increases in response to a reduction in oxygen (hypoxia) but decreases in response to increased oxygen (hyperoxia). However, the relationship between blood flow and the arterial partial pressure of oxygen has not been quantified and modelled in the retina, particularly in the vascular reserve and resting tonus of the vessels. The present study aimed to determine the limitations of the retinal vasculature by modelling the relationship between RBF and oxygen. Retinal vascular responses were measured in 13 subjects for eight different blood gas conditions, with the end‐tidal partial pressure of oxygen () ranging from 40–500 mmHg. Retinal vascular response measurements were repeated twice; using the Canon laser blood flowmeter (Canon Inc., Tokyo, Japan) during the first visit and using Doppler spectral domain optical coherence tomography during the second visit. We determined that the relationship between RBF and can be modelled as a combination of hyperbolic and linear functions. We concluded that RBF compensated for decreases in arterial oxygen content for all stages of hypoxia used in the present study but can no longer compensate below a of 32–37 mmHg. These vessels have a great vascular range of adjustment, increasing diameter (8.5% arteriolar and 21% total venous area) with hypoxia (40 mmHg ; P < 0.001) and decreasing diameter (6.9% arteriolar and 23% total venous area) with hyperoxia (500 mmHg ; P < 0.001) to the same extent. This indicates that the resting tonus is near the mid‐point of the adjustment ranges at resting where sensitivity is maximum.

To evaluate the feasibility of anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) for measuring anterior chamber (AC) cells in children with uveitis and to compare different AS-OCT acquisition modes. Validity and reliability analysis. We enrolled children younger than 18 years of age who had uveitis involving the anterior segment and children without eye disease as controls. All underwent clinical grading of AC cells. AC images of each eye were obtained using the Optovue Avanti RTVue XR AS-OCT. Two acquisition modes were used: a single cross-sectional line scan and an 8-line radial scan in an asterisk pattern. Two independent, masked graders counted cells manually on AS-OCT images. Rater agreement was assessed using intraclass correlation (ICC). Included were 30 children (59 eyes) with uveitis (median age 13.0 years, range 3–17 years) and 20 control children (40 eyes, median age 10.5 years, range 4–17 years). The number of eyes assigned each clinical grade of cells were as follows: none, 32 (54%); 0.5+, 12 (20.3%); 1+, 5 (8.5%); 2+, 8 (13.6%); 3+, 2 (3.4%). ICC of graders for line and radial scan protocols were 0.87 and 0.90. There was no significant difference between acquisition modes for pooled grader results (95% confidence interval [CI] for difference: −0.04 to 0.14). ICC of cell counts between line and radial scan protocols was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.69–0.90). No control eyes had cells on AS-OCT images. Quantification of AC cell in children with uveitis is feasible with AS-OCT and has excellent reliability between different graders and acquisition modes.

To describe 2 Candida interface keratitis infections occurring in the setting of positive donor rim cultures from precut corneal tissue used for Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) and the ensuing public health investigation. Following 2 clinical Candida interface keratitis infections, patients from 2012 to 2014 in the same surgical center were evaluated for bacterial and fungal rim cultures and subsequent infection. All cases of fungal infections occurring post-DSAEK were analyzed. Data included patient demographics, surgical technique, donor rim cultures, donor mate outcomes, clinical courses, and outcomes. A review of the relevant literature was also undertaken. From 2012 to 2014, among 99 DSAEK procedures performed, 7 (7.1%) donor rim cultures were positive for fungi. Use of this tissue with positive donor rim cultures resulted in 2 (28.6%) episodes of confirmed fungal interface keratitis, both Candida species, and presumptive treatment in an additional 2 patients. An investigation did not identify any breach in sterile technique or procedures by the surgeon or surgery center. Our literature review identified 15 reports of postoperative fungal infection associated with DSAEK, of which 11 involved Candida spp. While postoperative infection remains rare, our 2 additional cases along with those previously reported suggest that DSAEK may be susceptible to infection with Candida spp. Furthermore, this report of correlated rim cultures and clinical infection suggests a need for reevaluation of the utility of obtaining routine corneoscleral donor rim fungal culture.