Paclitaxel (Taxol™) is an important anticancer drug with a unique mode of action. The biosynthesis of paclitaxel had been considered restricted to the Taxus species until it was discovered in Taxomyces andreanae, an endophytic fungus of T. brevifolia. Subsequently, paclitaxel was found in hazel (Corylus avellana L.) and in several other endophytic fungi. The distribution of paclitaxel in plants and endophytic fungi and the reported sequence homology of key genes in paclitaxel biosynthesis between plant and fungi species raises the question about whether the origin of this pathway in these two physically associated groups could have been facilitated by horizontal gene transfer. The ability of the endophytic fungus of hazel Penicillium aurantiogriseum NRRL 62431 to independently synthesize paclitaxel was established by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance. The genome of Penicillium aurantiogriseum NRRL 62431 was sequenced and gene candidates that may be involved in paclitaxel biosynthesis were identified by comparison with the 13 known paclitaxel biosynthetic genes in Taxus. We found that paclitaxel biosynthetic gene candidates in P. aurantiogriseum NRRL 62431 have evolved independently and that horizontal gene transfer between this endophytic fungus and its plant host is unlikely. Our findings shed new light on how paclitaxel-producing endophytic fungi synthesize paclitaxel, and will facilitate metabolic engineering for the industrial production of paclitaxel from fungi.

Callisia fragrans, known colloquially as the basket plant, has been incorporated into traditional Vietnamese medicine to treat a variety of ailments, including cardiovascular disease, burns, and pre-gastric cancer. To elucidate its potential, this study was determined to isolate and analyze the efficacy of active compounds within the basket plant. A crude extract was derived

Callisia fragrans, known colloquially as the basket plant, has been incorporated into traditional Vietnamese medicine to treat a variety of ailments, including cardiovascular disease, burns, and pre-gastric cancer. To elucidate its potential, this study was determined to isolate and analyze the efficacy of active compounds within the basket plant. A crude extract was derived

Callisia fragrans, known colloquially as the basket plant, has been incorporated into traditional Vietnamese medicine to treat a variety of ailments, including cardiovascular disease, burns, and pre-gastric cancer. To elucidate its potential, this study was determined to isolate and analyze the efficacy of active compounds within the basket plant. A crude extract was derived