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Conventional seedbed preparation is based on deep ploughing followed by lighter and finer secondary tillage of the superficial layer, normally performed by machines powered by the tractor’s Power Take-Off (PTO), which prepares the seedbed in a single pass. Conservation methods are based on a wide range of interventions, such as minimum or no-tillage, by means of machines with passive action working tools which require two or more passes The aim of this study was to assess both the power-energy requirements of conventional (power harrows and rotary tillers with different working width) and conservation implements (disks harrow and combined cultivator) and the soil tillage quality parameters, with reference to the capability of preparing an optimal seedbed for wheat planting. Field tests were carried out on flat, silty-clay soil, using instrumented tractors. The test results showed significant differences among the operative performances of the two typologies of machines powered by the tractor’s PTO: the fuel consumption, the power and the energy requirements of the rotary tillers are strongly higher than power harrows. However, the results also showed a decrease of these parameters proceeding from conventional to more conservation tillage implements. The better quality of seedbed was provided by the rotary tillers.
Roberto Fanigliulo; Daniele Pochi; Pieranna Servadio. Conventional and Conservation Seedbed Preparation Systems for Wheat Planting in Silty-Clay Soil. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6506 .
AMA StyleRoberto Fanigliulo, Daniele Pochi, Pieranna Servadio. Conventional and Conservation Seedbed Preparation Systems for Wheat Planting in Silty-Clay Soil. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):6506.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoberto Fanigliulo; Daniele Pochi; Pieranna Servadio. 2021. "Conventional and Conservation Seedbed Preparation Systems for Wheat Planting in Silty-Clay Soil." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6506.
In this paper, site-specific management zones (MZs) were delineated in three fields belonging to a farm in the center of Italy and characterized by different soil texture. Crop yield and various soil parameters, both physical (soil structural stability, clay fraction, water content, and organic matter) and mechanical (shear strength and penetration resistance) were monitored. Yield data were acquired by means of a combine harvester equipped with a precision land management system during three consecutive growing seasons. At the end of the third growing season, soil properties were investigated by means of georeferenced soil sampling. After data gathering, a fuzzy clustering algorithm was applied to define management zones. Results highlighted spatial variability between the three fields and temporal variability between the three consecutive growing seasons. Whilst the latter could be ascribed to the rainfall distribution (therefore moisture could be considered as a limiting factor in wheat growth), the delineated MZs suggest that clay content and organic matter could affect both mechanical parameters of soil and crop yield. The defined MZs can serve as a basis to generate prescription maps for variable-rate application inputs and variable tillage.
Pieranna Servadio; Matteo Verotti. Fuzzy clustering algorithm to identify the effects of some soil parameters on mechanical aspects of soil and wheat yield. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 2019, 16, e0206 .
AMA StylePieranna Servadio, Matteo Verotti. Fuzzy clustering algorithm to identify the effects of some soil parameters on mechanical aspects of soil and wheat yield. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 2019; 16 (4):e0206.
Chicago/Turabian StylePieranna Servadio; Matteo Verotti. 2019. "Fuzzy clustering algorithm to identify the effects of some soil parameters on mechanical aspects of soil and wheat yield." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 16, no. 4: e0206.
In the present investigation, field tests were carried out on a field belonging to a farm in the center of Italy. Wheat (Triticum durum) yield maps were acquired for three consecutive growing seasons (2007–2010) with a combine harvester, equipped with grain mass flow sensor, GPS and Precision Land Management Software. At the end of the third season, in the same field, a georeferenced grid sampling to investigate the soil physical-chemical properties, and to produce interpolated maps describing within field spatial variability was performed. The measured parameters were structural stability, water content, shear strength, and total Nitrogen. In order to identify potential management zones and yield limiting factors, two cluster analyses, based on fuzzy algorithm, were conducted considering the acquired soil parameters. The mean value of the three years yield was considered in the evaluation of the performance of the multivariate classification, rather than as layer for delineating management zones. In the field conditions of the performed tests, results show that shear strength and structural stability were the most significant limiting factors for the wheat yield.
Pieranna Servadio; Simone Bergonzoli; Matteo Verotti. Delineation of management zones based on soil mechanical-chemical properties to apply variable rates of inputs throughout a field (VRA). Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food 2017, 10, 20 -30.
AMA StylePieranna Servadio, Simone Bergonzoli, Matteo Verotti. Delineation of management zones based on soil mechanical-chemical properties to apply variable rates of inputs throughout a field (VRA). Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food. 2017; 10 (1):20-30.
Chicago/Turabian StylePieranna Servadio; Simone Bergonzoli; Matteo Verotti. 2017. "Delineation of management zones based on soil mechanical-chemical properties to apply variable rates of inputs throughout a field (VRA)." Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food 10, no. 1: 20-30.
In this study, the effects of three different main preparatory tillage operations: ploughing at 0.4 m (P40) and 0.20 m (P20) depth and harrowing at 0.20 m depth (MT) were investigated. The tillage operations were carried out at two different times, as the soil water content increased over time from rainfall: (low, 58% (LH) and high, 80% (HH) of field capacity). Results obtained from the soil monitoring carried out before and after tillage showed high values of soil strength in terms of Penetration resistance and shear strength particularly in deeper soil layers at lower water content. During tillage, fossil-fuel energy requirements for P40 LH and P20 LH were 25% and 35% higher, respectively, with respect to the HH treatments and tractor slip was very high (P40 LH = 32.4%) with respect to the P40 HH treatment (16%). Soil water content significantly influenced tractor performance during soil ploughing at 0.40 m depth but no effect was observed for the MT treatment. The highly significant linear relations between grain yield and soil penetration resistance highlight how soil strength may be good indicator of soil productivity. We conclude that ploughing soil to a 0.20 m depth or harrowing soil to a 0.20 m depth is suitable for this type of soil under climate change scenarios.
Pieranna Servadio; Simone Bergonzoli; Claudio Beni. Soil Tillage Systems and Wheat Yield under Climate Change Scenarios. Agronomy 2016, 6, 43 .
AMA StylePieranna Servadio, Simone Bergonzoli, Claudio Beni. Soil Tillage Systems and Wheat Yield under Climate Change Scenarios. Agronomy. 2016; 6 (3):43.
Chicago/Turabian StylePieranna Servadio; Simone Bergonzoli; Claudio Beni. 2016. "Soil Tillage Systems and Wheat Yield under Climate Change Scenarios." Agronomy 6, no. 3: 43.
Biogas production from anaerobic digestion has increased rapidly in the last years, in many parts of the world, mainly due to its local scale disposition and to its potential on greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions mitigation. Biogas can be used as fuel for combined heat and power systems (CHP), in particular for internal combustion engines (ICEs). In recent investigations, fuel cells have been considered as alternative CHP systems. In the present article, two different energy conversion systems are compared: a 1.4 MW class MCFC system, running on pipeline natural gas, and an in situ ICE, running on biogas. In the first case, biogas is considered as a source fuel to obtain upgraded gas to be injected in the natural gas grid. In such scenario, the location of the fuel cell power plant is no longer strictly connected to the anaerobic digester site. Several energy balances are evaluated, considering different upgrading techniques and different biogas methane/carbon dioxide ratios.
Matteo Verotti; Pieranna Servadio; Simone Bergonzoli. Biogas upgrading and utilization from ICEs towards stationary molten carbonate fuel cell systems. International Journal of Green Energy 2015, 13, 655 -664.
AMA StyleMatteo Verotti, Pieranna Servadio, Simone Bergonzoli. Biogas upgrading and utilization from ICEs towards stationary molten carbonate fuel cell systems. International Journal of Green Energy. 2015; 13 (7):655-664.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatteo Verotti; Pieranna Servadio; Simone Bergonzoli. 2015. "Biogas upgrading and utilization from ICEs towards stationary molten carbonate fuel cell systems." International Journal of Green Energy 13, no. 7: 655-664.
In this paper, investigations on agricultural and forestry soil and on water quality assessment were carried out in a natural wetlands reserve, at valley of a mountain, near at the sea and under hydraulic risk (the coast of the Etruschis), in central Italy; Physical-chemical parameters were measured by taking samples of soil on two fields cultivated with an artichoke bed and respectively managed with organic and conventional techniques adjacent the natural wetlands reserve and destined to a controlled development of the agriculture, to protect the reserve. These parameters were also measured on forestry soil inside the reserve and CO2 storage on soil was evaluated. The water chemical analysis of the two ponds inside the reserve was also carried out. The soil managed with organic farming has showed higher chemical fertility. Both organic and conventional field showed high level of soil compaction susceptibility evidenced by high values of penetration resistance and shear strength; while porosity and hydraulic conductivity presented low values. The research highlights that the ecological land use can influence and improve the environmental quality. In fact thanks to the higher organic matter content into the soil, the average values of stored CO2 show that the organic (ΔCOT = 1200 kg·ha–1) and forestry (ΔCFT =2200 kg·ha–1·year–1) treatments have stored higher amount of organic carbon in the soil with respect to the conventional one. Organic matter and dry bulk density can be considered good indicators of the soil quality. The results of the water chemical analysis show a good quality of the brackish water of the ponds situated in the wetlands reserve.
Pieranna Servadio; Simone Bergonzoli. Agricultural Soil and Water Quality Assessment and CO2 Storage on Wetland Reserve. Journal of Environmental Protection 2013, 04, 20 -26.
AMA StylePieranna Servadio, Simone Bergonzoli. Agricultural Soil and Water Quality Assessment and CO2 Storage on Wetland Reserve. Journal of Environmental Protection. 2013; 04 (04):20-26.
Chicago/Turabian StylePieranna Servadio; Simone Bergonzoli. 2013. "Agricultural Soil and Water Quality Assessment and CO2 Storage on Wetland Reserve." Journal of Environmental Protection 04, no. 04: 20-26.
A field experiment was conducted on an alluvial soil with winter lettuce [Lactuca sativa (L.) cv. Bacio] plants to study, in the second year of testing and in both field and laboratory conditions, the effects of fertilizers—compost by farm residues [(FC, 2.0% nitrogen (N)], mineral (MIN, 21% N), organomineral (OM, 10% N), mycorrhizas inoculum (MYC), wine-production residue [distiller's residue (DR, 3.6% N), anaerobic digestate (AD), and mycorrhizas (ADM)—on soil physical and mechanical parameters. Application of DR plus mycorrhizas improved the available phosphorus (P) and copper (Cu) contents of the surface (0–0.20 m) soil. The soil surface macroporosity increased significantly (>20%) in treatments FC, MYC, and OM, compared to the control. Results of the oedemeter test showed that with a load of 10 daN the compression susceptibility was greater in the compost treatment compared to other fertilizers, whereas with a load of 200 daN this parameter was lower in FC, AD, MYC, and ADM treatments. The least penetration resistance in the 0- to 20-cm layer of AD and MYC treatments showed lesser values and only in treatment AD in the 20- to 40-cm layer. Hydraulic conductivity values were enhanced in AD, MYC, and ADM plots.
Claudio Beni; Pieranna Servadio; Simona Marconi; Ulderico Neri; Rita Aromolo; Giampietro Diana. Anaerobic Digestate Administration: Effect on Soil Physical and Mechanical Behavior. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 2012, 43, 821 -834.
AMA StyleClaudio Beni, Pieranna Servadio, Simona Marconi, Ulderico Neri, Rita Aromolo, Giampietro Diana. Anaerobic Digestate Administration: Effect on Soil Physical and Mechanical Behavior. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 2012; 43 (5):821-834.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClaudio Beni; Pieranna Servadio; Simona Marconi; Ulderico Neri; Rita Aromolo; Giampietro Diana. 2012. "Anaerobic Digestate Administration: Effect on Soil Physical and Mechanical Behavior." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 43, no. 5: 821-834.
Due to the agricultural field traffic and to the soil tillage implements, soil compaction has been recognised as a severe problem in mechanized agriculture and has an influence on many soil properties and processes. In this paper, empirical methods originally developed by the different Authors at Waterways Experiment Station (WES) for predicting the performance of off-road vehicles were applied on agricultural soil. The models considered and based on soil–vehicles interaction were: clay–tire rubber track numeric (Nc,r), mobility index (MI), vehicle cone index (VCI), mean maximum pressure (MMP) and they included besides soil strength, the load carried by the tire or track, some technical characteristics of the tire or track of the vehicle, as well as the number of passes on the same track. These models have been validated with the tests results of a number of selected agricultural and forest vehicles over a range of soil in central Italy: Vertic Cambisol, Haplic Calcaric Cambisol and Eutric Cambisol. Significant correlations among the above indexes and among Nc,r and two tire–track performance parameters: traction coefficient and traction efficiency, have been found. In addition a correlation between the measured cone index values during field tests, and the predicted cone index values have been developed. Through the field data collected and the elaboration and validation of the indexes it was possible to frame in a coherent way, the performance of agricultural machinery of different mass and power, running gear system (wheels, tires with low aspect ratio, metal and rubber tracks, self-propelled for the harvest, transport and distribution of agricultural products), even though particular interpretative shrewdness was necessary in the application of such formulas in the cases of innovative machinery as with the rubber track system. The vehicles that have obtained the higher values of Nc,r (>20) have obtained the lowest values of both the MMP (<156 kPa) and VCI (VCI1 < 110 kPa; VCI4 < 269 kPa). These vehicles have also obtained the higher values of traction coefficient (0.7–0.9) and of traction efficiency (0.74–0.8). Agricultural field traffic is an important aspect of soil management and such indexes, based on parameters that determine the impact of the agricultural mechanization on soil qualities, can usefully be considered in the management of the agricultural farm to reduce soil compaction due to both the traffic of machinery and to tillage implements particularly when considering the aspect of altered land use.
Pieranna Servadio. Applications of empirical methods in central Italy for predicting field wheeled and tracked vehicle performance. Soil and Tillage Research 2010, 110, 236 -242.
AMA StylePieranna Servadio. Applications of empirical methods in central Italy for predicting field wheeled and tracked vehicle performance. Soil and Tillage Research. 2010; 110 (2):236-242.
Chicago/Turabian StylePieranna Servadio. 2010. "Applications of empirical methods in central Italy for predicting field wheeled and tracked vehicle performance." Soil and Tillage Research 110, no. 2: 236-242.
The transition towards increased forward speeds in agriculture introduces new technical problems related to dynamic behaviour and the exposure of tractor drivers to high levels of whole-body vibration during on-road and off-road transportation and during field operations. In this study, vibrations transmitted from the ground to the driver's seat have been analysed using methods that meet International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) standards using a four-wheel-drive tractor, equipped with a front suspension axle and a suspended cab, operating at 11.1 and 13.9 m s−1. The test runs simulating the transportation of agricultural implements were conducted on a rectilinear plane tract of a conglomerate bituminous closed track. Two different tyre types, coded ‘A’ and ‘B’, were tested at different forward speeds. Values for the root-mean-square (RMS) accelerations for each measurement axis and the corresponding vector sum av measured on the tractor rear axle were not proportional to the forward speeds 11.1 and 13.9 m s−1 for tyre A. For tyre B, the vector sum av decreased by 18%. No significant difference was found in the acceleration values on the driver's seat. A 1/3 octave band analysis was performed at the frequency range 1–1000 Hz. Accelerations of the tractor rear axle, beyond the forward speed range of 11.1–13.9 m s−1, increased by 48% along the vertical Z-axis in the frequency range 400–1000 Hz for tyre A and decreased by 66% in the frequency range 1–2 Hz along the horizontal X-axis and by 28% along the Y-axis for tyre B. Comparing the two tyres at 11.1 m s−1 forward speed, the average acceleration values for tyre B compared with tyre A were lower along the X-axis (84%) and greater along the Z (74%) and Y (51%) axes. Comparing the two tyres at 13.9 m s−1 forward speed, the acceleration values for tyre B compared with tyre A were lower along the X-axis (78%) and greater (53%) along the Z-axis. The same analysis was also applied to driving seat accelerations at frequencies of 1–80 Hz. Accelerations for tyre A appeared to have similar trends at the two forward speeds except along the vertical Z-axis, for which acceleration decreased by 22% when forward speed increased. For tyre B, the average acceleration along the X-axis increased by 50% in the frequency range 1–2.5 Hz when forward speed increased. On the other hand, accelerations along the Y and Z axes decreased by 27% and 44%, respectively, when forward speed increased. Comparing the two tyres at 11.1 m s−1, average accelerations for tyre B were found. They were lower by 36% along the X-axis in the frequency range 1–2.5 Hz and greater by 14% along the Z-axis compared with tyre A. At 13.9 m s−1 forward speed, the average acceleration for tyre B compared with tyre A was lower by 17% along the Y-axis. Despite the differences in behaviour of the two tyres with respect to forward speed, the performances were the same in the values of limit fatigue that were bounded within the limit of 4 h for all treatments.
P. Servadio; A. Marsili; N.P. Belfiore. Analysis of driving seat vibrations in high forward speed tractors. Biosystems Engineering 2007, 97, 171 -180.
AMA StyleP. Servadio, A. Marsili, N.P. Belfiore. Analysis of driving seat vibrations in high forward speed tractors. Biosystems Engineering. 2007; 97 (2):171-180.
Chicago/Turabian StyleP. Servadio; A. Marsili; N.P. Belfiore. 2007. "Analysis of driving seat vibrations in high forward speed tractors." Biosystems Engineering 97, no. 2: 171-180.
Field tests were carried out using the same four wheel drive tractor (113 kW engine power) fitted with two different tire arrangements: single and dual. Tests were conducted on arable soil previously ploughed and harrowed in order to check the compacting effects resulting from one to four passes of the tractor in the same track, fitted with two different tire configurations. Soil parameters studied were: penetration resistance, bulk density, soil shear strength and their increment ratio, soil macroporosity, pore size distribution and saturated hydraulic conductivity. Multiple passes made by the tractor fitted with the two-tire arrangements caused different effects on the soil with regard to the studied soil parameters. Mean values of penetration resistance (0–0.20 m depth) were 2.02 MPa for the single tires tractor and 1.86 MPa for the dual tires tractor; mean values of penetration resistance (0.21–0.35 m depth) were 2.72 MPa for the single tires tractor and 1.72 MPa for the dual tires tractor. The decrease in macroporosity, in particular that of elongated pores in the soil layers (0–0.10 m and 0.11–0.20 m depth) was greater in treatments involving the single tire arrangement of the tractor (from 25.3 to 1.1% and from 15.9 to 2.0%, respectively) than for the dual tire arrangement (from 25.3 to 2.8% and from 15.9 to 5.2%, respectively, for 0–0.10 m and 0.11–0.20 m depth). Following traffic of the tractor with the different tire arrangements, hydraulic conductivity decreased and the following values were found for the five treatments: control, 15.8 mm h−1; single tires one and four passes, 2.8 and 1.6 mm h−1, respectively; dual tires one and four passes, 5.9 and 5.8 mm h−1, respectively). Highly significant correlations between hydraulic conductivity and elongated pores and total macroporosity were found. Significant relationships between macroporosity and penetration resistance for one and four passes of both tractor tire arrangements were found in the soil layers (0–0.20 m). However, in the soil layer examined, with respect to the higher degree of macroporosity and hydraulic conductivity and the low values of penetration resistance, treatments involving tractor fitted with dual tires (one and four passes) showed a lower degree of soil compaction than was observed after the same passes of the tractor fitted with single tires.
Pieranna Servadio; A. Marsili; N. Vignozzi; Sergio Pellegrini; M. Pagliai. Effects on some soil qualities in central Italy following the passage of four wheel drive tractor fitted with single and dual tires. Soil and Tillage Research 2005, 84, 87 -100.
AMA StylePieranna Servadio, A. Marsili, N. Vignozzi, Sergio Pellegrini, M. Pagliai. Effects on some soil qualities in central Italy following the passage of four wheel drive tractor fitted with single and dual tires. Soil and Tillage Research. 2005; 84 (1):87-100.
Chicago/Turabian StylePieranna Servadio; A. Marsili; N. Vignozzi; Sergio Pellegrini; M. Pagliai. 2005. "Effects on some soil qualities in central Italy following the passage of four wheel drive tractor fitted with single and dual tires." Soil and Tillage Research 84, no. 1: 87-100.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the compacting effect of rubber tracked tractors in comparison to that of the traditional wheeled tractors. Macroporosity, pore shape and size distribution, bulk density, penetration resistance and saturated hydraulic conductivity were analysed in a clay soil (Vertic Cambisol) near Rome (Italy) following one and four passes on the same track of rubber tracked and wheeled tractors of medium power. The soil structure attributes were evaluated by characterising porosity by means of image analysis of soil thin sections prepared from undisturbed samples. Macroporosity decreased in the 0–10 cm layer of compacted soil, particularly after four tractor passes, due to a large reduction in the proportion of elongated pores and in their vertical continuity. The rubber tracked tractor had a more pronounced compaction effect in the surface layer (0–10 cm) than the wheeled tractor both after one and four passes; the latter treatment producing the lowest soil porosity. The same trend was observed for hydraulic conductivity, which showed a highly significant correlation with elongated pores. In the 10–20 cm layer the porosity was significantly decreased following traffic, apart from in the soil under one pass of the rubber tracked tractor. Again in this layer, the lowest values of porosity were found in soil after four passes of the rubber tracked tractor. Single and multiple passes made by the two tractors induced different effects regarding soil penetration resistance and bulk density. Increment ratio of penetration resistance after tractor passes with respect to the control was: 12.5 and 49.9% with the wheeled and 34.4 and 39.8% with the tracked after one and four passes, respectively. Increment ratio of dry bulk density values after tractor passes with respect to the control was 7.9 and 11.7% with the wheeled and 7.5 and 8.3% with the tracked after one and four passes, respectively. The tractor passes transformed the initial subangular blocky structure into a massive structure with sometimes a platy structure in the upper few centimetres. The results indicated that soil compaction following traffic with the rubber tracked tractor was generally the more pronounced. However the compacting effect of this tractor after one pass seemed to be limited to the surface layer only.
M Pagliai; A Marsili; Pieranna Servadio; Nadia Vignozzi; Sergio Pellegrini. Changes in some physical properties of a clay soil in Central Italy following the passage of rubber tracked and wheeled tractors of medium power. Soil and Tillage Research 2003, 73, 119 -129.
AMA StyleM Pagliai, A Marsili, Pieranna Servadio, Nadia Vignozzi, Sergio Pellegrini. Changes in some physical properties of a clay soil in Central Italy following the passage of rubber tracked and wheeled tractors of medium power. Soil and Tillage Research. 2003; 73 (1-2):119-129.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM Pagliai; A Marsili; Pieranna Servadio; Nadia Vignozzi; Sergio Pellegrini. 2003. "Changes in some physical properties of a clay soil in Central Italy following the passage of rubber tracked and wheeled tractors of medium power." Soil and Tillage Research 73, no. 1-2: 119-129.
A. Marsili; L. Ragni; G. Santoro; Pieranna Servadio; G. Vassalini. PM—Power and Machinery. Biosystems Engineering 2002, 81, 35 -47.
AMA StyleA. Marsili, L. Ragni, G. Santoro, Pieranna Servadio, G. Vassalini. PM—Power and Machinery. Biosystems Engineering. 2002; 81 (1):35-47.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Marsili; L. Ragni; G. Santoro; Pieranna Servadio; G. Vassalini. 2002. "PM—Power and Machinery." Biosystems Engineering 81, no. 1: 35-47.
There is increased use of rubber-tracked tractors for ploughing on clay soil (Vertic Cambisol) in central, south and insular Italy instead of metal-tracked tractors, because they allow travel on public roads. Field tests were carried out on arable soil previously ploughed and harrowed to compare two types of tractors, one rubber-tracked (CAT Challenger Ch 45) and one wheeled (New Holland 8770) in order to establish the compacting effects resulting from 1 and 4 passes of the tractors in the same track. The following parameters were studied: soil penetration resistance, bulk density and its increment ratio, soil shear strength, soil macroporosity and hydraulic conductivity. Multiple passes made by the two tractors induced very similar effects on the soil in regards to soil penetration resistance. Mean values of penetration resistance (0–0.20 m depth) were 1.15 MPa for the rubber-tracked tractor and 1.11 MPa for the wheeled tractor; mean values of penetration resistance (0.21–0.40 m depth) were 1.07 MPa for the rubber-tracked tractor and 1.17 MPa for the wheeled tractor. The decrease in macroporosity, in particular that of elongated pores in the soil surface layer (0–0.10 m depth) was greater in treatments involving the rubber-tracked tractor (from 20.2 to 2.7%) than for the wheeled tractor (from 20.2 to 10.3%). Following traffic of the two tractors, hydraulic conductivity decreased and the following values were found for the five treatments: control, 18.48 mm h−1; wheeled tractor 1 and 4 passes, 11.15 and 7.45 mm h−1, respectively; rubber-tracked tractor 1 and 4 passes, 3.25 and 1.1 mm h−1, respectively. Highly significant correlations between shear strength and dry bulk density, and between hydraulic conductivity and elongated pores and total macroporosity were found. Significant linear relationships between macroporosity and penetration resistance for 1 and 4 passes of both tractors were found in the soil layers (0–0.10 m). A significant difference was found between tractors and for correlations of penetration resistance values above control values. However, in the soil layer (0–0.20 m depth), with respect to the higher degree of macroporosity and low values of penetration resistance, treatments involving wheeled tractor (1 pass) showed a lower degree of soil compaction than was observed after 1 pass of the rubber-tracked tractor.
Pieranna Servadio; A Marsili; M Pagliai; Sergio Pellegrini; Nadia Vignozzi. Effects on some clay soil qualities following the passage of rubber-tracked and wheeled tractors in central Italy. Soil and Tillage Research 2001, 61, 143 -155.
AMA StylePieranna Servadio, A Marsili, M Pagliai, Sergio Pellegrini, Nadia Vignozzi. Effects on some clay soil qualities following the passage of rubber-tracked and wheeled tractors in central Italy. Soil and Tillage Research. 2001; 61 (3-4):143-155.
Chicago/Turabian StylePieranna Servadio; A Marsili; M Pagliai; Sergio Pellegrini; Nadia Vignozzi. 2001. "Effects on some clay soil qualities following the passage of rubber-tracked and wheeled tractors in central Italy." Soil and Tillage Research 61, no. 3-4: 143-155.
A Marsili; Pieranna Servadio; M Pagliai; Nadia Vignozzi. Changes of some physical properties of a clay soil following passage of rubber- and metal-tracked tractors. Soil and Tillage Research 1998, 49, 185 -199.
AMA StyleA Marsili, Pieranna Servadio, M Pagliai, Nadia Vignozzi. Changes of some physical properties of a clay soil following passage of rubber- and metal-tracked tractors. Soil and Tillage Research. 1998; 49 (3):185-199.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA Marsili; Pieranna Servadio; M Pagliai; Nadia Vignozzi. 1998. "Changes of some physical properties of a clay soil following passage of rubber- and metal-tracked tractors." Soil and Tillage Research 49, no. 3: 185-199.