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The aim of this study was to assess the influence of a recent conversion to organic farming on the physical properties, particularly the aggregate stability, of soils that are prone to soil crusting, as well as their impact on runoff, soil erosion and soil crusting dynamics. Experiments were conducted in the area of Brie, France, in two agricultural fields separated by 400 m with similar slopes and soil types. They consisted of physical measurements of the soils as well as simulated rainfalls with different intensities. No significant differences were detected among the bulk density, soil water retention or saturated hydraulic conductivity. The aggregate stability, measured both under simulated rainfall and in a laboratory, was significantly higher in the organic management field (OF) than in the conventional management field (CM), indicating that CM soils are more prone to soil crusting than OF soils. The influence of this difference was quantified using rainfall simulations in the field. Within the CM field, runoff occurred with a runoff coefficient (RC) of 4.8% and 6.9% when the rainfall intensities were 25 and 40 mm h−1, respectively, while in the OF field, no runoff was observed at these intensities. However, slight runoff was observed when the intensity was 50 mm h−1. Soil losses followed the same trend. Depositional soil crusts were observed in the plots wherein runoff transpired. These results evidence the benefits of recent conversion to organic farming in silty soil to the aggregate stability and consequently soil crust dynamics, runoff genesis and soil erosion.
X. Morvan; L. Verbeke; S. Laratte; A.R. Schneider. Impact of recent conversion to organic farming on physical properties and their consequences on runoff, erosion and crusting in a silty soil. CATENA 2018, 165, 398 -407.
AMA StyleX. Morvan, L. Verbeke, S. Laratte, A.R. Schneider. Impact of recent conversion to organic farming on physical properties and their consequences on runoff, erosion and crusting in a silty soil. CATENA. 2018; 165 ():398-407.
Chicago/Turabian StyleX. Morvan; L. Verbeke; S. Laratte; A.R. Schneider. 2018. "Impact of recent conversion to organic farming on physical properties and their consequences on runoff, erosion and crusting in a silty soil." CATENA 165, no. : 398-407.
Small portable rainfall simulators are considered a useful tool to analyze soil erosion processes in cultivated lands. European research groups in Spain (Valencia, Málaga, Lleida, Madrid and La Rioja), France (Reims) and Germany (Trier) have used different rainfall simulators (varying in drop size distribution and fall velocities, kinetic energy, plot forms and sizes, and field of application) to study soil loss, surface flow, runoff and infiltration coefficients in different experimental plots (Valencia, Montes de Málaga, Penedès, Campo Real and La Rioja in Spain, Champagne in France and Mosel-Ruwer valley in Germany). The measurements and experiments developed by these research teams give an overview of the variety of methodologies used in rainfall simulations to study the problem of soil erosion and describe the erosion features in different climatic environments, management practices and soil types. The aims of this study are: (i) to investigate where, how and why researchers from different wine-growing regions applied rainfall simulations with successful results as a tool to measure soil erosion processes; (ii) to make a qualitative comparison about the general soil erosion processes in European terroirs; (iii) to demonstrate the importance of the development of standard method for measurement of soil erosion processes in vineyards, using rainfall simulators; and (iv) and to analyze the key factors that should be taken into account to carry out rainfall simulations. The rainfall simulations in all cases allowed infiltration capacity, susceptibility of the soil to detachment and generation of sediment loads to runoff to be determined. Despite using small plots, the experiments were useful to analyze the influence of soil cover to reduce soil erosion, to make comparisons between different locations, and to evaluate the influence of different soil characteristics. The comparative analysis of the studies performed in different study areas points out the need to define an operational methodology to carry out rainfall simulations, which allows us to obtain representative and comparable results and to avoid errors in the interpretation in order to achieve comparable information about runoff and soil loss.
Jesús Rodrigo Comino; Thomas Iserloh; Xavier Morvan; Oumarou Malam Issa; Christophe Naisse; Saskia D. Keesstra; Artemio Cerdà; Massimo Prosdocimi; José Arnáez; Teodoro Lasanta; María Concepción Ramos; María José Marqués; Marta Ruiz Colmenero; Ramón Bienes; José Damián Ruiz Sinoga; Manuel Seeger; Johannes B. Ries. Soil Erosion Processes in European Vineyards: A Qualitative Comparison of Rainfall Simulation Measurements in Germany, Spain and France. Hydrology 2016, 3, 6 .
AMA StyleJesús Rodrigo Comino, Thomas Iserloh, Xavier Morvan, Oumarou Malam Issa, Christophe Naisse, Saskia D. Keesstra, Artemio Cerdà, Massimo Prosdocimi, José Arnáez, Teodoro Lasanta, María Concepción Ramos, María José Marqués, Marta Ruiz Colmenero, Ramón Bienes, José Damián Ruiz Sinoga, Manuel Seeger, Johannes B. Ries. Soil Erosion Processes in European Vineyards: A Qualitative Comparison of Rainfall Simulation Measurements in Germany, Spain and France. Hydrology. 2016; 3 (1):6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJesús Rodrigo Comino; Thomas Iserloh; Xavier Morvan; Oumarou Malam Issa; Christophe Naisse; Saskia D. Keesstra; Artemio Cerdà; Massimo Prosdocimi; José Arnáez; Teodoro Lasanta; María Concepción Ramos; María José Marqués; Marta Ruiz Colmenero; Ramón Bienes; José Damián Ruiz Sinoga; Manuel Seeger; Johannes B. Ries. 2016. "Soil Erosion Processes in European Vineyards: A Qualitative Comparison of Rainfall Simulation Measurements in Germany, Spain and France." Hydrology 3, no. 1: 6.
This study was conducted in Champagne vineyards in France, and the objectives were to compare the main cultivation practices in Champagne vineyards and to specify the conditions required for the optimum effect of inter‐row grass cover on runoff and erosion in experimental plots of 0.25 m² under simulated rainfall. Three types of ground cover were studied. In the bark‐and‐vine‐prunings plots, the runoff coefficient (RC) ranged from 1.3 to 4.0% and soil losses were <1 g/m2/h. In the bare soil (BS) plot, the highest RC of the study was found (80.0%) and soil losses reached 7.4 g/m2/h. In the grass cover plots, the RC and amount of eroded soil were highly variable: the RCs ranged from 0.4 to 77.0%, and soil losses were between less than 1 and 13.4 g/m2/h. Soil type, soil moisture, slope and agricultural practices did not account for the variability. In fact, the density of grass cover in the wheel tracks explained a portion of this variability. The lack of grass in the centre of the inter‐row allowed for a preferential flow and created an erosion line in the wheel tracks where the soil was compacted. This study showed that grass cover in a vineyard was not necessarily sufficient to reduce surface runoff and prevent soil erosion. To be effective, the grass cover must be dense enough in the wheel tracks of agricultural machinery to avoid RCs close to the RC achieved with BS.
X. Morvan; C. Naisse; O. Malam Issa; J. F. Desprats; A. Combaud; Olivier Cerdan. Effect of ground-cover type on surface runoff and subsequent soil erosion in Champagne vineyards in France. Soil Use and Management 2014, 30, 372 -381.
AMA StyleX. Morvan, C. Naisse, O. Malam Issa, J. F. Desprats, A. Combaud, Olivier Cerdan. Effect of ground-cover type on surface runoff and subsequent soil erosion in Champagne vineyards in France. Soil Use and Management. 2014; 30 (3):372-381.
Chicago/Turabian StyleX. Morvan; C. Naisse; O. Malam Issa; J. F. Desprats; A. Combaud; Olivier Cerdan. 2014. "Effect of ground-cover type on surface runoff and subsequent soil erosion in Champagne vineyards in France." Soil Use and Management 30, no. 3: 372-381.