In this paper, an intuitive approach to assessing advantages of beamforming in 5G wireless communication is proposed as a novel try and practical demonstration of importance of alignment between the transmitter’s and receiver’s beams working in millimeter-wave frequency bands. Since the diffraction loss of millimeter-wave signals matters seriously in propagation, the effects of the misalignment and alignment between beams need to be checked for, which was conducted with a horn antenna and the 4 × 4 Butler matrix which mimic the relationship of the base station and handset antennas. Designing and using the microstrip-line and the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) Butler matrices, RF-to-RF wireless connectivity between the horn and the microstrip line beamformer as case 1 and the horn and the SIW beamformer as case 2, concerning the changing angle of the beam from either of the two Butler matrices, was tested, showing over 12 dB enhancement in received power. This direct electromagnetic link test was accompanied by examining 64-QAM constellations for beam-angle changing from −30° to +30° for the two cases, where the error vector magnitude in the QAM-diagram becomes less than 10% by beam-alignment for the changing angle.

In this paper, a new sensor is developed to estimate the dielectric constant of Cyclo Olefin Polymer (COP) film utilizable for 5G mobile phones’ multi-layered back-cover. It is featured by the electrical characterization of the thin layer of the COP film at 28 GHz as the material under test (MUT) directly contacting the planar probe (which is an array of resonating patches) and a new meta-surface as metal patterned on the COP film inserted between the planar probe and the 5G multi-layered back-cover for enhanced physical interpretation of the data by way of impedance matching. In this approach to delving into the material, a thin and small meta-surface film with an area of 25.65 × 21.06 mm² and a thickness of 55 μm is examined for applications to 5G mobile 28 GHz-frequency communication on the basis of the below −10 dB-impedance matching for the 1-by-4 array sensor. Along with this, the real and commercial handset back-cover is brought to the test. The proposed method presents the advantages of geometrical adequacy to the realistic 5G handset antenna configuration, the idea of impedance-matching via meta-materials, and the suitability of characterizing the film-type structure as compared to the open-ended coaxial waveguide, waveguide-to-waveguide and TX horn-to-RX horn free-space test methods.

In this paper, a novel chip antenna and its function in wireless connectivity are presented for Bluetooth (BLT) earphones. The chip antenna is a metamaterial so compact (<λ/8), as the size of 4.9 × 13.0 × 2.0 mm³, that when it is mounted on the realistic PCB, it can be held in the enclosure of the BLT earphone. This setting does not degrade the resonance (S₁₁ < −10 dB) of the proposed antenna. As two earphones in a pair are demanded to communicate with each other, one shares an RF signal with the other and they take turns as the master and slave. The received signal sensing is conducted with the latest model of human head-ear-phantom located between the earphones to mimic the real use-case and cross-head interference. Electromagnetic simulation of the antenna is done and verified by fabrication and measurement. Particularly, received-signal strength indications between the proposed antennas in the earphones are experimentally obtained as −67.5 dBm and −70 dBm without and with the head-ear-phantom, respectively, much greater than −120 dBm, the limit of detection, and implying acceptable connectivity and invulnerability over cross-head-interference problems.

In this paper, a novel method is proposed to effectively reduce the size of a waveguide bandpass filter (BPF). Because the metallic cavities make the conventional waveguide end up with a large geometry, especially for high-order BPFs, very compact waveguide-type resonators having metamaterial zeroth-order resonance (WG ZOR) are designed on the cross section of the waveguide and substituted for the cavities. While the cavities are half-wavelength resonators, the WG ZOR is shorter than one-eighth of a wavelength. A substantial reduction in the size and weight of the waveguide filter is observed as the resonators are cascaded in series through coupling elements in the X-band that is much longer than that in K- or Ka-bands. The proposed metamaterial filter is realized as a 3D-printed structure to be lighter and thus more suitable for low earth orbit (LEO) satellites. An X-band of 7.25–7.75 GHz is chosen to verify the method as the passband with an attenuation of 40 dB at 7.00 GHz and 8.00 GHz as the roll-off in the stopband. The BPF is manufactured in two ways, namely the CNC-milling technique and metal coating–added 3D printing. The design is carried out with a geometrical parameter of not 10⁻² mm but rather 10^-1 mm, which is good for manufacturers but challenging for component designers. The measurement of the manufactured metal waveguide filters reveals that the passband has about ≤1 dB and ≤−15 dB as the insertion loss and the reflection coefficient, respectively, and the stopband has an attenuation of ≤−40 dB, which are in good agreement with the results of the circuit and the simulation. The proposed filter has a length of 14 cm as the eighth-order BPF, but the conventional waveguide is 20 cm as the seventh-order BPF for the same area of the cross section.

Radar systems are a type of sensor that detects radio signals reflected from objects located a long distance from transmitters. For covering a longer range and a higher resolution in the operation of a radar, a high-frequency band and an array antenna are measures to take. Given a limited size to the antenna aperture in the front end of the radar, the choice of a millimeter-wave band leads to a denser layout for the array antenna and a higher antenna gain. Millimeter-wave signals tend to become attenuated faster by a larger loss of the covering material like the radome, implying this disadvantage offsets the advantage of high antenna directivity, compared to the C-band and X-band ones. As the radome is essential to the radar system to protect the array antenna from rain and dust, a metamaterial surface in the layer is suggested to meet multiple objectives. Firstly, the proposed electromagnetic structure is the protection layer for the source of radiation. Secondly, the metasurface does not disturb the millimeter-wave signal and makes its way through the cover layer to the air. This electromagnetically transparent surface transforms the phase distribution of the incident wave into the equal phase in the transmitted wave, resulting in an increased antenna gain. This is fabricated and assembled with the array antenna held in a 3D-printed jig with harnessing accessories. It is examined in view of S₂₁ as the transfer coefficient between two ports of the VNA, having the antenna alone and with the metasurface. Additionally, the far-field test comes next to check the validity of the suggested structure and design. The bench test shows around a 7 dB increase in the transfer coefficient, and the anechoic chamber field test gives about a 5 dB improvement in antenna gain for a 24-band GHz array antenna.

In this paper, a novel thin and flexible antenna is proposed for earbuds to gain an improvement in their wireless signal-sensing capability as a film-based artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) structure. As antenna designs for earbuds face challenges of being embedded beneath the top cover of the earbud, conformal to curved surfaces, and very close to metallic ground and touch-panel parts, as well as scarce degrees of freedom from feeding conditions and functional degradation by human tissue, unlike conventional techniques such as quasi quarter-wavelength radiators on LDS and epoxy molding compounds (relatively thick and pricy), an antenna of a metal pattern on a film is made with another film layer as the AMC to mitigate problems of the antenna in a small and curved space of an insert-molded wireless device. The antenna was designed, fabricated, and embedded in earbud mockups to work for the 2.4 GHz Bluetooth RF link, and its functions were verified by RF and antenna measurement, showing that it could overcome the limitations in impedance matching with only lumped elements and poor radiation by the ordinary schemes. The input reflection coefficient and antenna efficiency were 10 dB and 9% better than other methods. In particular, the on-film AMC antenna (OFAA) presents robustness against deterioration by the human tissue, when it is placed in the ear phantom at the workbench and implemented in an in situ test using a large zorb ball mimicking a realistic sensing environment. This yielded an RSSI enhancement of 20–30 dB.