Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of the most dangerous heart attack risk factors such as diabetes and prediabetes, abdominal obesity, high cholesterol and high blood pressure. Hyperuricemia is a condition in which the serum uric acid concentration is greater than 5.5 mg per deciliter for child and greater than 7.2 and 6.0 mg per deciliters for male and female adults respectively. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the magnitude of hyperuricemia and associated factors among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at Hawassa Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (HCSH) from February 28 to May 30 /2017. A random sampling technique was used to include 319 study subjects and a signed consent had been provided by each study subject before running any data collection. An interviewer administered structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and some clinically useful data. In addition to this, we reviewed the records of the study subjects to obtain other useful clinical data. Five milliliter blood specimen was collected from each study subjects after overnight fasting. A25TM Bio-System Random Access chemistry analyzer was used for blood sample analysis. All data were checked visually, coded and entered into epi-data version 3.4 and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.0 software. Bi-variate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to determine the association between explanatory and the outcome variables. The prevalence of hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome among type 2 diabetic patients in the study area were 33.8%(n = 106) and 70.1% (n = 220) respectively. Having age greater or equal to 45 years (AOR: 1.9, CI: 1.-3.2, P value =0.015) and having metabolic syndrome (AOR: 2.6, CI: 1.5–4.7, P value = 0.001) were the determinant variables for hyperuricemia among type 2 diabetic patients. There was high prevalence of hyperuricemia among type 2 diabetic patients with high prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Therefore, regular health information about life style modification, early diagnosis and treatment for hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome are essential to reduce hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetic patients.

Background: Cardiovascular disease is a cluster of illnesses that affect the heart and blood vessels. Dyslipidemia is the most common risk factor for cardiovascular disease, causing more than 4 million deaths each year worldwide. However, there is very little evidence concerning the prevalence and pattern of dyslipidemia among cardiac patients in Ethiopia. Methods: Hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June to September 2022 at Ambo University referral hospital. Data on socio-demographic, clinical and anthropometric features were collected from adults with cardiac diseases using a convenient sampling technique. Lipid profiles and uric acid were measured from overnight fasting blood. The national cholesterol education program adult treatment panel (NCEP-ATP) III criteria was used to define dyslipidemia. Results: A total of 269 participants were enrolled and the overall 76.6% [95% confidence interval (CI):72.1–81] of patients had at least one dyslipidemia. The prevalence of total cholesterol (TC) ⩾200 mg/dl, triglyceride (TG), LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol < 40 mg/dl were 38.9%, 44.6%, 29.4%, and 53.5%, respectively. Age > 54 was associated with TC and TG dyslipidemia, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and (95% CI) were 2.6(1.4–4.8) and 2.4(1.2–4.7), respectively. While, a family history of heart disease, sedentary lifestyle and obesity were associated with TC dyslipidemia, aOR (95%CI) were 1.9(1.1–3.5), 1.4 (1.4–14.6) and 6.7 (1.4–32.5), respectively. In addition, diabetetes mellitus and abdominal obesity were significantly associated with TG dyslipidemia, aOR (95%CI) were 1.9(1.0–3.6) and 2.6(1.16–5.8), respectively. Moreover, uric acid was positively correlated with TC and TG level. Conclusions: The results indicate that more than 75% of the cardiac patients had at least one dyslipidemia. This reflects the need for regular monitoring of lipid profiles and intensive counseling in this population to mitigate further cardio-metabolic complications.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders that are caused by deficiency in insulin secretion or the decreased ability of insulin to act effectively on target tissues, particularly muscle, liver, and fat. As a result of insulin resistance in the target tissues, particularly in the adipocytes, free fatty acid flux is increased, leading to increased lipid synthesis in hepatocytes, which is responsible for diabetic dyslipidemia. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of dyslipidemia among diabetic patients in Durame General Hospital in Kembata Tembaro zone. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2015 to April 2016. In total, 224 subjects were involved in the study by using convenient sampling techniques. Face-to-face interview–administered questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data and other possible clinical data associated with the prevalence of dyslipidemia. Fasting venous blood specimens were collected to assess serum lipid profiles. Blood pressure (BP), weight, height, and waist circumference were measured. Results: The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 65.6%. Individual lipid abnormality of elevated LDL-C, TC, TG, and reduced HDL-C were identified in 43.8%, 23.7%, 40.6%, and 41.9% of study subjects, respectively. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was significantly associated with high BP, high body mass index, aging, and longer duration of diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: High prevalence of dyslipidemia was found among diabetic patients in the study area. Therefore, a compressive mechanism is required to screen, treat, and prevent dyslipidemia.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to assess selected serum electrolytes imbalance and associated factors in diabetic patients attending their follow up appointments in Jimma University Medical Center (JUMC) from February 1 to April 1, 2019. Patients and methods: A cross sectional study design was used to assess the selected serum electrolytes in diabetic patients attending their follow up appointments at Jimma University Medical Center (JUMC) chronic illness clinic. A convenience sampling technique was used to include 279 diabetic patients in the study and an interviewer based questionnaire was used to include all necessary data from each diabetic patient. Five milliliters of blood were collected from each subject and processed and analyzed for blood glucose and serum electrolyte determination by ABX Pentra400 and Humalyte plus⁵ ion-selective electrode (ISE) system clinical chemistry analyzers. Pearson’s correlation coefficient model and multivariate logistic regression were used respectively to assess the correlation and significant association between abnormal serum electrolytes and independent variables. Results: A high prevalence of one or more serum electrolyte abnormalities was determined in diabetic patients. The overall prevalence was 42.0% (n=116/276) in which hyponatremia was the highest followed by hypochloremia and hypercalcemia, 40.6%, 14.9% and 10.9% respectively. Age, type of medication, and high body mass index (BMI) had strong positive correlations with abnormal serum concentration levels of sodium (r=0.611, P=0.731), potassium (r=0.752, P=0.812) and chloride (r=0.645, P=0.459). Being employed (AOR: 3.933, 95% C.I: 1.057–14.637, P value: 0.041), treated with mixed medications (AOR: 2.9, 95% C.I: 1.292–6.441, P value: 0.010) and being unable to control blood glucose level or being hyperglycemic (AOR: 3.2, 95% C.I: 2.179–5.721, P value: 0.000) were statistically identified as risk factors for serum electrolyte abnormalities in diabetic patients. Conclusion: The serum electrolyte concentration level was highly abnormal in diabetic patients. The prevalence of abnormal concentration was more common in diabetic patients with advanced age, and some variables had strong positive correlation with abnormal serum electrolyte level in diabetic patients.

Background: Transmission dynamic model is a concrete structure to describe and investigate the complex system of host–pathogen interactions. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood-borne virus that is transmitted from infectious to susceptible individuals when they come into contact with HCV-contaminated equipment. Injecting drug use is the most known transmission route, and about 80% of new HCV cases have been confirmed as having acquired HCV infection via drug injection. Objective: The main objective of this review paper was to review the importance of HCV dynamic transmission model, that enables the readers to understand the mechanism how HCV is transmissible from infectious to susceptible hosts and the effective controlling strategies. Methods: PubMed Central, Google Scholar, and Web of Science electronic databases have been used to search data by using key terms like “HCV transmission model among people who inject drug (PWID)”, HCV potential herd immunity”, and “basic reproductive number for HCV transmission in PWID.” Data from research findings other than English version have been excluded from being used, and the most recently published data have been considered to be included. Conclusion: HCV belongs to the Hepacivirus genus within the Flaviviridae family. HCV infection is acquired when the susceptible individuals in populations come into contact with medical equipment such as shared syringes and needles, or swabs contaminated with infected blood. Construction of HCV transmission dynamic model is very significant in order to predict the duration and magnitude of its epidemic and to evaluate the potential impact of intervention. Comprehensive harm reduction and care/support service strategies are the best approach for intervention regarding HCV infection transmission among PWID.