2,3‐Dihydro‐1,3‐diisopropyl‐4,5‐dimethylimidazol‐2‐ylidene 1 (Carb, R¹ = ⁱPr, R² = Me) reacts with TeI₄ to give the carbene adduct CarbTeI₂ (3). The crystal structure of 3 consists of T‐shaped monomeric fragments linked by weak Te. I interactions to form infinite helical chains. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:316–319, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20090

The 2-methylenimidazolines ImC(CN)₂ (6a - c, Im = 1,3-dialkyl-4,5-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene) are prepared by the reaction of the imidazolium salts [ImBr]Br (5) and malodinitrile while ImC{C(O)Ph}₂ (7) is obtained from ImCH₂ (2) and benzoic fluoride. Both the structural data of 6b, 6c, and 7 and the ¹³C NMR data demonstrate the influence of steric and electronic effects on the charge separation and the nonplanar arrangement of the substituents attached at the carbon atoms of the central olefinic bond

This study was conducted to assess the in vivo and ex vivo immunomodulatory effect of the ethanol leaves extract of Moringa peregrina in Balb/c mice. For this study, five groups of 5 Balb/c mice were given a single acute subtoxic oral dose of the ethanolic extract at 1.13, 11.30, 23.40 and 113.4 mg/kg and the immunomodulatory effect was assessed on the 6th day following the ingestion. In the (non-functional) assessment, the effect of the extract on the body weight, relative lymphoid organ weight, splenic cellularity and peripheral blood hematologic parameters were evaluated. While in the immunomodulation assessment (functional), we investigated the effect of the extract on the proliferative capacity of splenic lymphocytes and peripheral T and B lymphocytes using mitogen blastogenesis, mixed allogeneic MLR and IgM-Plaque forming cells assays. The ingestion of M. peregrina extract caused a significant increase in the body weight, weight and number of cells of spleen and lymph nodes of the treated mice. Furthermore, the count of RBCs, WBCs, platelets, hemoglobin concentration and PCV % were increased by the extract treatment in a dose-dependent manner. M. peregrina enhanced the proliferative responses of splenic lymphocytes for both T cell and B-cell mitogens. Likewise, the mixed lymphocyte reaction MLR assay has revealed a T-cell dependent proliferation enhancement in the extract treated mice. Moreover, the oral administration of M. peregrina leaves extracts significantly increased PFCs/106 splenocytes in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, subtoxic acute doses of M. peregrina extract demonstrated significant potential as an immunomodulatory agent even at the lowest dose of 1.13 mg/kg.