The paper presents a method and results of experimental testing of the stability of palletized cargo wrapped in stretch film in laboratory conditions and methods and parameterization of its application for proper cargo securing. Reduction of stretch film consumption is also significant for sustainable transport. It will contribute to the minimization of costs on a micro-scale (manufacturers and shippers) and a macro scale—a significant reduction in pollution of the environment and gas emissions by reducing stretch film production. The experiments have been performed following the requirements of EUMOS 40509 and 40511 standards. The proposed method of testing the stability of palletized cargo is based on tests performed on a laboratory test bench using FEF-200 sensors. The results of conducted experiments demonstrated that the selection of a proper stretch film and a cargo wrapping model could significantly reduce the risk of cargo damage through increasing cargo stabilizing forces and, at the same time, reducing stretch film consumption. The developed method can significantly reduce the cost of securing and concurrently assure required cargo security. This directly impacts the safety of all participants in the transport process in supply chains.

The article discusses the issue of selection of the technical measures and the means of transport to carry out the executive and transport operations transport infrastructure investment: the chains of suppliers on the example of transport task, in production - for example the building transport infrastructure investment and in the storage warehouse. The developed method allows to determine the construction schedule (determination of the order of operations performed optimal technical measures and optimal means of transport) with the optimal function criterion (cost / time). The simulations have shown that this method allows an unambiguous selection of the technical measures and means of transport (vehicles) to implement the particular technological operations at a given time/cost, taking into account the established constraints.

Classification of Damages of Palletized Loads in Road Transport and Its Impact on Environmental Protection

Manufacturers and operators of the logistics market are constantly looking for ways (opportunities) to reduce the costs of their operations. This also applies to all types of packaging. A conflict arises here between manufacturers and carriers. Producers will try to reduce the costs of collective packaging as much as possible (this packaging does not affect customers’ purchasing decisions), while for transport operations, this packaging will determine the safety and quality of transported cargo. Preparing the load for transport - properly selected packaging (its shape, resistance to pressure, etc.), and above all, the proper way of forming and securing PSU (pallet load units) is a very important issue for the manufacturer/sender (as the first link in the distribution chain). It has a huge impact on the formation of cargo damage during its transport. As part of the research conducted by the authors in the area of optimization of cargo securing costs and minimization of cargo damage, the lack of a systemic approach to the problem of cargo damage in road transport was observed. The article discusses the causes of damage to palletized loads during road transport and illustrates some of these damages. Identification of the causes of damage made it possible to classify damage to palletized loads, and in the future, it will allow the development of ways to limit them, the so-called good practices for securing palletized loads.

This study examines the characteristics of stretch film used to secure palletized cargo, with the aim of rationalizing its use. Growing consumption of packaging materials requires scientifically substantiated film selection that accounts for the forces ensuring cargo stability during transportation. This study used a patented mobile device to measure the static and dynamic forces generated by different types of stretch film. Experimental data revealed a linear relationship between the number of turns, the degree of pre-stretching, and the stabilizing forces, enabling optimization of wrapping parameters and a reduction in material costs. The results contribute to improved transportation safety, reduced energy consumption and carbon footprint, and lower polymer waste. This study is relevant because it develops tools for objectively assessing the effectiveness of packaging materials and for the rational selection of stretch film, thereby supporting sustainable logistics and transportation systems.