As part of our continuous effort to find potential anti-inflammatory agents from endophytic fungi, a Fusarium solani strain, isolated from the plant Aponogeton undulatus Roxb., was investigated. Cerevisterol (CRVS) was identified from endophytic fungi, a Fusarium solani strain, and moreover exhibited anti-inflammatory activity. However, the underlying mode of action remains poorly understood. The aim of this study is to reveal the potential mechanisms of CRVS against inflammation on a molecular level in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 peritoneal macrophage cells. CRVS was isolated from F. solani and characterized based on spectral data analysis. The MTT assay was performed to measure cell viability in CRVS-treated macrophages. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by measurement of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) levels, as well as the production of various cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and -6 (IL-6) in LPS-stimulated macrophages. RT-PCR and immunoblotting analyses were done to examine the expression of various inflammatory response genes. A reporter gene assay was conducted to measure the level of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) transactivation. CRVS suppresses the LPS-induced production of NO and PGE₂, which is a plausible mechanism for this effect is by reducing the expression of iNOS and COX-2. CRVS also decreases the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. CRVS halted the nuclear translocation of NF-κB by blocking the phosphorylation of inhibitory protein κBα (IκBα) and suppressing NF-κB transactivation. The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathways are also suppressed. CRVS treatment also inhibited the transactivation of AP-1 and the phosphorylation of c-Fos. Furthermore, CRVS could induce the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) by down-regulating Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap-1) and up-regulating hemeoxygenases-1 (HO-1) expression. The results suggest that CRVS acts as a natural agent for treating inflammatory diseases by targeting an MAPK, NF-κB, AP-1, and Nrf2-mediated HO-1 signaling cascade.

Persicaria hydropiper (Linn.) Delarbre is a common plant of Polygonaceae family commonly called Bishkatali in Bangladesh. Leaves of the plant are traditionally used in the treatment of rheumatic pain, gout, and skin diseases such as ringworms, scabies, boils, abscesses, carbuncles, bites of snakes, dogs or insects. This study evaluated the antinociceptive effect of the methanol extract of P. hydropiper leaves (MEPH). The antinociceptive activity of MEPH was investigated using heat-induced (hot-plate and tail-immersion test) and chemical-induced (acetic acid, formalin, glutamic acid, cinnamaldehyde) nociception models in mice at 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg doses. Involvement of opioid system, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway, and ATP-sensitive K+ channel pathway were also tested using naloxone, methylene blue and glibenclamide respectively. MEPH showed antinociceptive activity in both heat- and chemical induced pain models. In both hot plate and tail immersion tests MEPH significantly increases the latency to the thermal stimuli. In acetic acid-induced writhing test the extract inhibited the number of abdominal writhing. Likewise, MEPH produced significant dose-dependent inhibition of paw licking in both neurogenic and inflammatory pain induced by intraplantar injection of formalin. Besides, MEPH also significantly inhibited the glutamate-induced pain and cinnamaldehyde-induced pain in mice. It was also clear that pretreatment with naloxone significantly reversed the antinociception produced by MEPH in hot plate and tail immersion test suggesting the involvement of opioid system in its effect. In addition, administration of methylene blue, a non specific inhibitor of NO/guanylyl cyclase, enhanced MEPH induced antinociception while glibenclamide, an ATP-sensitive K+ channel antagonist, could not reverse antinociceptive activity induced by MEPH. Based on the results of the current study it can be said that MEPH possesses significant antinociceptive activity which acts in both peripheral and central mechanisms.

Background: The study investigated the in vivo neuroprotective, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory potential and in vitro antioxidant and clot lysis activities of crude methanol extract with its different solvent-soluble fractions like petroleum ether (PESF), carbon tetrachloride (CTSF), chloroform (CSF) and aqueous (AQSF) of Holigarna longifolia Roxb. Methods: Phenobarbitone-induced sleeping time method was used for the neuroprotective activity, writhing response experimental model introduced by acetic acid was designed for antinociceptive efficacy, carrageenan-induced paw edema model was carried out for anti-inflammatory activity, DPPH free radical scavenging activity was assessed for antioxidant activity and clot lysis model was investigated for the thrombolytic potential of the plant. Results: On investigation it was found that methanol extract and CS fraction revealed statistically meaningful (p<0.05) neuroprotective activity by increasing phenobarbitone-induced sleeping time of mice, produced substantial (p<0.05) inflammation inhibitory efficacy compared to standard diclofenac sodium and also exhibited statistically significant (p<0.01) oxidative stress inhibitory efficacy by inhibiting free radical formation compared to ascorbic acid as standard. Only methanol extract produced significant (p<0.05) antinociceptive activity by inhibiting abdominal writhes produced by acetic acid compared to standard analgesic drug diclofenac sodium. And only aqueous soluble fraction exhibited moderate clot lysis activity compared to streptokinase as standard. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that H. longifolia could be potential neuroprotective due to its justified antioxidative capacity as well as clot lysis properties.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a contemporary coronavirus, has impacted global economic activity and has a high transmission rate. As a result of the virus’s severe medical effects, developing effective vaccinations is vital. Plant-derived metabolites have been discovered as potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors. The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M^pro) is a target for therapeutic research because of its highly conserved protein sequence. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and molecular docking were used to screen 34 compounds identified from Leucas zeylanica for potential inhibitory activity against the SARS-CoV-2 M^pro. In addition, prime molecular mechanics–generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA) was used to screen the compound dataset using a molecular dynamics simulation. From molecular docking analysis, 26 compounds were capable of interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 M^pro, while three compounds, namely 11-oxa-dispiro[4.0.4.1]undecan-1-ol (−5.755 kcal/mol), azetidin-2-one 3,3-dimethyl-4-(1-aminoethyl) (−5.39 kcal/mol), and lorazepam, 2TMS derivative (−5.246 kcal/mol), exhibited the highest docking scores. These three ligands were assessed by MM-GBSA, which revealed that they bind with the necessary M^pro amino acids in the catalytic groove to cause protein inhibition, including Ser144, Cys145, and His41. The molecular dynamics simulation confirmed the complex rigidity and stability of the docked ligand–M^pro complexes based on the analysis of mean radical variations, root-mean-square fluctuations, solvent-accessible surface area, radius of gyration, and hydrogen bond formation. The study of the postmolecular dynamics confirmation also confirmed that lorazepam, 11-oxa-dispiro[4.0.4.1]undecan-1-ol, and azetidin-2-one-3, 3-dimethyl-4-(1-aminoethyl) interact with similar M^pro binding pockets. The results of our computerized drug design approach may assist in the fight against SARS-CoV-2.

The current study attempted, for the first time, to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the phytochemical components of Elatostema papillosum methanol extract and their biological activities. The present study represents an effort to correlate our previously reported biological activities with a computational study, including molecular docking, and ADME/T (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion/toxicity) analyses, to identify the phytochemicals that are potentially responsible for the antioxidant, antidepressant, anxiolytic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of this plant. In the gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis, a total of 24 compounds were identified, seven of which were documented as being bioactive based on their binding affinities. These seven were subjected to molecular docking studies that were correlated with the pharmacological outcomes. Additionally, the ADME/T properties of these compounds were evaluated to determine their drug-like properties and toxicity levels. The seven selected, isolated compounds displayed favorable binding affinities to potassium channels, human serotonin receptor, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), COX-2, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, and human peroxiredoxin 5 receptor proteins. Phytol acetate, and terpene compounds identified in E. papillosum displayed strong predictive binding affinities towards the human serotonin receptor. Furthermore, 3-trifluoroacetoxypentadecane showed a significant binding affinity for the KcsA potassium channel. Eicosanal showed the highest predicted binding affinity towards the human peroxiredoxin 5 receptor. All of these findings support the observed in vivo antidepressant and anxiolytic effects and the in vitro antioxidant effects observed for this extract. The identified compounds from E. papillosum showed the lowest binding affinities towards COX-1, COX-2, and NF-κB receptors, which indicated the inconsequential impacts of this extract against the activities of these three proteins. Overall, E. papillosum appears to be bioactive and could represent a potential source for the development of alternative medicines; however, further analytical experiments remain necessary.

As a part of our ongoing research on endophytic fungi, we have isolated a sesterterpene mycotoxin, fusaproliferin (FUS), from a Fusarium solani strain, which is associated with the plant Aglaonema hookerianum Schott. FUS showed rapid and sub-micromolar IC₅₀ against pancreatic cancer cell lines. Time-dependent survival analysis and microscopy imaging showed rapid morphological changes in cancer cell lines 4 h after incubation with FUS. This provides a new chemical scaffold that can be further developed to obtain more potent synthetic agents against pancreatic cancer.