Summary: Background: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the most commonly used first‐line therapy for patients with eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE). However, many aspects related to PPIs in EoE are still unknown.Aims: To assess the effectiveness of PPI therapy for EoE in real‐world practice.Methods: This cross‐sectional study collected data on PPI efficacy from the multicentre EoE CONNECT database. Clinical remission was defined as a decrease of ≥50% in dysphagia symptom score; histological remission was defined as a peak eosinophil count below 15 eosinophils per high‐power field. Factors associated with effectiveness of PPI therapy were identified by binary logistic regression multivariate analyses.Results: Overall, 630 patients (76 children) received PPI as initial therapy (n = 600) or after failure to respond to other therapies (n = 30). PPI therapy achieved eosinophil density below 15 eosinophils per high‐power field in 48.8% and a decreased symptom score in 71.0% of patients. More EoE patients with an inflammatory rather than stricturing phenotype accomplished clinico‐histological remission after PPI therapy (OR 3.7; 95% CI, 1.4‐9.5); as well as those who prolonged treatment length from 8 to 12 weeks (OR 2.7; 95% CI, 1.3‐5.3). After achieving clinico‐histological remission of EoE, PPI dosage reduction was effectively maintained in 69.9% of patients, but tended to be less effective among those with a stricturing phenotype.Conclusions: Inflammatory EoE phenotype and treatment duration up to 12 weeks correlated with greater chance for inducing remission of EoE. A stricturing phenotype decreased response rates to PPI therapy both initially and in the long term.

Hospitalizations for ischemic heart disease have an uneven distribution throughout Spain, in which Asturias is the community with the highest rates of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and angina pectoris (AP). Cardiovascular diseases are related to environmental, socioeconomic and previous medical conditions, which result in geographical differences in the incidence of hospital admissions and mortality. The goal of this study was to describe the spatial distribution of hospital admissions in the central area of Asturias and explore the existence of spatial patterns or clusters. Urgent hospital admissions for AMI and angina AP in the hospitals of the central area of Asturias were registered, geocoded and grouped by census tracts. Standardized admission ratio, smoothed relative risk, posterior risk probability and analysis of spatial clusters between relative risks throughout the study area were calculated and mapped. Geographical differences were found in the distribution of hospital admissions for AMI and AP across the area and between men and women. The cluster analysis indicated contiguous census tracts with high relative risk values in the northwest region of the study area and low relative risk in the east, particularly for men. The geographical analysis shows the existence of patterns and spatial clusters in the incidence of AMI and AP, for both men and women, in the central area of Asturias.

BackgroundCardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide; it is estimated that they cause 17 million deaths annually. In 2019, there were more than 29,000 deaths, and in 2018, ischemic heart diseases cause more than 118,000 hospitalisations in Spain. There is an unevenly distribution throughout the different autonomous communities, being Asturias the community with the highest rate for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and angina pectoris (AP) of the country. Cardiovascular diseases are related to environmental, socioeconomic and previous medical conditions which result in geographical differences in the incidence of hospital admissions and mortality. To know the distribution of hospital admissions in the central area of Asturias and the existence of spatial patterns or clusters is the goal of this study.MethodsUrgent hospital admissions for AMI and angina AP in the hospitals of the central area of Asturias were registered, geocoded and grouped by census tracts. Standardised admission ratio, smoothed relative risk and posterior risk probability, together with analysis of spatial clusters between relative risks throughout the study area were calculated and mapped.ResultsGeographical differences were found in the distribution of hospital admissions for AMI and AP in the study area. The cluster analysis indicated aggregates of census tracts with high relative risk values in the northwest region of the study area.ConclusionThe geographical analysis shows the existence of patterns and spatial aggregations in the incidence of AMI and AP, for men and women, in the central area of Asturias.

Cerebrovascular diseases are among the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. This study aimed to identify geographic patterns and sex differences in unplanned hospital admissions for cerebrovascular diseases, and to assess their association with ambient air pollution within small areas of Asturias, a northern region of Spain that exhibits elevated rates of mortality and morbidity from these pathologies. The study included 20,305 unplanned hospital admissions recorded between 2016 and 2023. Standardized admission ratios, smoothed relative risks, and posterior risk probabilities were estimated using reparameterized Besag–York–Mollié models at the census tract level. Global and Local Moran’s I statistics were computed to evaluate the spatial correlation of admissions. Subsequently, estimates of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations were incorporated into the models, adjusting for average net income per person, to assess their association with admission risk and their contribution to the geographical patterns observed. Spatial analysis revealed marked inequalities in cerebrovascular admissions both between sexes and across small areas. High-risk clusters were consistently identified in the north-central coastal area for both sexes. For men, higher PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 levels were statistically significantly associated with hospitalizations (PM₁₀: RR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.02–1.14; PM_2.5: RR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.07–1.40, per 5 µg/m³ increase) and explained part of the spatial variability observed. For women, neither pollutant showed statistically significant associations nor appeared to be associated with the geographic patterns. Integrating both geographic and sex-related factors is essential for identifying high-risk areas and potential risk factors in the burden of cerebrovascular disease. In men, exposure to PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 was associated with cerebrovascular hospitalizations and explained part of the spatial variability observed, while no such association was found in women.

Evolution relentlessly challenges any concept of species, and human efforts to fit a taxonomic hypothesis to patterns in nature often seem unsatisfactory. Genomics show that a solution does not always come with more data: a fine‐scaled view may reveal populations with a more gradual array of differentiation, infer cases of hybrid origin and bring to light the existence of ghost populations. The false heath fritillary, Melitaea diamina , is a Palearctic butterfly with patchy, localized populations highly dependent on humid temperate habitats. Despite its extensive geographic range, populations at the southern edge of its European distribution are scarce and poorly studied genetically. Here, we employed genome‐wide data to reveal the existence of two major groups in M. diamina : an Iberian and a Eurasian lineage. Within Iberia, we documented a remarkable diversity: the populations in the Pyrenees are of hybrid origin between the Eurasian lineage and a now apparently extinct Iberian population. The ghost population was related to three extant additional Iberian lineages that align with mitochondrial differentiation, distinct morphological traits, and/or ecological specialization in the form of host plant association. Gene flow analyses suggested historical admixture despite current isolation, underscoring the complex evolutionary history of these populations. We attempt a revised taxonomic framework for this novel array of evolutionary significant units, adopting an updated subspecies concept—defining subspecies as incompletely separated lineages within a more inclusive lineage. Such an approach allows accurate representation of evolutionary complexity without prematurely elevating these populations to species rank, thereby informing targeted, biologically meaningful conservation strategies.