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In order to cut down the usage amount of binder, mix it more evenly with the biomass raw materials and improve the quality of pellets in the densification process, this study explored the feasibility of promoting the densification of biomass by using a high-pressure spraying method to add liquid binder. In the study, a high-pressure sprayer was used to spray saturated brown sugar water into sawdust for densification tests. A three-factor orthogonal experiment was designed to analyze the physical characteristics of the pellets under different variables. Through analysis of range and multiple linear regression, the effect curve was drawn to analyze the impact of the high-pressure spraying method on densification. The results showed that under low compaction pressure of 14.9 MPa, the raw materials with adding 6% saturated brown sugar water can be densified into pellets, while the raw materials without binder cannot. Moreover, compared with the method of adding binder by stirring, the high-pressure spraying method obtained the pellets with fewer cracks on the surface and increased the relaxation density of pellets by 8.65%. Under high compaction pressure (75, 100, 124 and 149 MPa), the high-pressure spraying method has a significant effect on increasing the relaxation density, not only on the compressive strength.
Xiaonan Ju; Kexin Zhang; Zhongjia Chen; Jianbo Zhou. A Method of Adding Binder by High-Pressure Spraying to Improve the Biomass Densification. Polymers 2020, 12, 2374 .
AMA StyleXiaonan Ju, Kexin Zhang, Zhongjia Chen, Jianbo Zhou. A Method of Adding Binder by High-Pressure Spraying to Improve the Biomass Densification. Polymers. 2020; 12 (10):2374.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaonan Ju; Kexin Zhang; Zhongjia Chen; Jianbo Zhou. 2020. "A Method of Adding Binder by High-Pressure Spraying to Improve the Biomass Densification." Polymers 12, no. 10: 2374.
Buildings consume large amounts of materials and energy, making them one of the highest environmental impactors. Quantifying the impact of building materials can be critical to developing an effective greenhouse gas mitigation strategy. Using Athena Impact Estimator for Buildings (IE4B), this paper compares cradle-to-grave life-cycle assessment (LCA) results for a 12-story building constructed from cross-laminated timber (CLT) and a functionally equivalent reinforced concrete (RC) building. Following EN 15978 framework, environmental impacts for stages A1–A5 (product to construction), B2, B4, and B6 (use), C1–C4 (end of life), and D (beyond the building life) were evaluated in detail along resource efficiency. For material resource efficiency, total mass of the CLT building was 33.2% less than the alternative RC building. For modules A to C and not considering operational energy use (B6), LCA results show a 20.6% reduction in embodied carbon achieved for the CLT building, compared to the RC building. For modules A to D and not considering B6, the embodied carbon assessment revealed that for the CLT building, 6.57 × 105 kg CO2 eq was emitted, whereas for the equivalent RC building, 2.16 × 106 kg CO2 eq was emitted, and emissions from CLT building was 70% lower than that from RC building. Additionally, 1.84 × 106 kg of CO2 eq was stored in the wood material used in the CLT building during its lifetime. Building material selection should be considered for the urgent need to reduce global climate change impacts.
Zhongjia Chen; Hongmei Gu; Richard D. Bergman; Shaobo Liang. Comparative Life-Cycle Assessment of a High-Rise Mass Timber Building with an Equivalent Reinforced Concrete Alternative Using the Athena Impact Estimator for Buildings. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4708 .
AMA StyleZhongjia Chen, Hongmei Gu, Richard D. Bergman, Shaobo Liang. Comparative Life-Cycle Assessment of a High-Rise Mass Timber Building with an Equivalent Reinforced Concrete Alternative Using the Athena Impact Estimator for Buildings. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (11):4708.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhongjia Chen; Hongmei Gu; Richard D. Bergman; Shaobo Liang. 2020. "Comparative Life-Cycle Assessment of a High-Rise Mass Timber Building with an Equivalent Reinforced Concrete Alternative Using the Athena Impact Estimator for Buildings." Sustainability 12, no. 11: 4708.
The binder can improve the physical characteristics of biomass pellets by forming solid bridges and increasing the adhesion of biomass materials. Taking pine sawdust as raw material and brown sugar water with different concentration as a binder, this study adopted spraying and stirring methods, respectively, and mixed brown sugar water with biomass in diverse proportions. The characteristic of pellets such as durability, relaxation ratio and compressive strength were studied by orthogonal design. Through range analysis, BP (Back Propagation) neural network factor significance analysis and mapping the relationship between physical properties and factors according to the importance of each factor, the effect of densification variables on the physical characteristics of biomass pellets was studied, and the outcome of adding brown sugar water binder to raw material by spraying method in improving the densification quality of biomass was explored. Results showed the brown sugar water binder added to pine sawdust by spraying method could mix the binder and biomass raw material more evenly compared with the stirring method. The relaxation ratio of pellets obtained by spraying method was reduced by 13.47%. The optimal densification conditions of pine sawdust were when the compaction pressure was 100 MPa, the mass ratio of brown sugar to water was 2:1, the proportion of brown sugar water to biomass material was 3%, and the adding method was spraying.
Kexin Zhang; Shuangyan Song; Zhongjia Chen; Jianbo Zhou. Effects of Brown Sugar Water Binder Added by Spraying Method as Solid Bridge on the Physical Characteristics of Biomass Pellets. Polymers 2020, 12, 674 .
AMA StyleKexin Zhang, Shuangyan Song, Zhongjia Chen, Jianbo Zhou. Effects of Brown Sugar Water Binder Added by Spraying Method as Solid Bridge on the Physical Characteristics of Biomass Pellets. Polymers. 2020; 12 (3):674.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKexin Zhang; Shuangyan Song; Zhongjia Chen; Jianbo Zhou. 2020. "Effects of Brown Sugar Water Binder Added by Spraying Method as Solid Bridge on the Physical Characteristics of Biomass Pellets." Polymers 12, no. 3: 674.