The disease caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) can affect almost all organs of the human body, including kidneys. We conducted a one-center study to comprehensively analyze the effects of kidney involvement on the course and outcomes in patients hospitalized with COVID-19, depending on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at admission. Out of the 1958 patients, 1342 (68.54%) had eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m² (group A) and 616 (31.46%) had eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² (group B). Group B was additionally divided into subgroups B1, B2, and B3 based on eGFR. We found that mortality rates during hospitalization, as well as after 90 and 180 days, were much higher in group B than group A. The highest mortality was observed in the B2 subgroup with eGFR of 15–29. The mortality of B patients was associated with comorbidities, respiratory dysfunction, immunological impairment, and more frequent development of AKI. AKI had a negative impact on patients’ survival, regardless of the initial renal function. At discharge, 7.4% of patients had serum creatinine levels 30% higher, or more, as compared to admission. The disease course and outcomes in COVID-19 patients are associated with baseline eGFR; however, AKI during hospitalization is a more significant predictor of poor prognosis regardless of the initial renal function.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and celiac disease (CD) coexist very often. Identification of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQ2/DQ8 can confirm the genetic predisposition to CD. Negative result of this test allows to exclude CD with a high probability. It was suggested that in individuals with higher risk of CD, including T1D patients, the implementation of genetic testing should reduce the number of patients requiring systematic immunological screening. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of different haplotypes predisposing to CD in children and adolescents with previously diagnosed T1D. Material and methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 166 T1D children (91 girls) in whom HLA DQ2/DQ8 alleles were tested. In 9.6% CD was also diagnosed. Results: In 12.7% both HLA DQ2/DQ8 were negative. In 87.3% patients HLA DQ2 and/or DQ8 was positive, including 27.7% patients with both haplotypes DQ2.5 and DQ8 positive. In all CD patients the disease predisposing alleles were positive, while none of the HLA DQ2/DQ8 negative children were diagnosed with CD. Conclusions: The prevalence of HLA DQ2.5 and the HLA DQ2.5 / HLA DQ8 configuration is higher in patients with T1D, and CD compared to children with T1D alone. The combination of HLA DQ2 and HLA DQ8 most significantly increases the risk of developing CD. The group of HLA DQ2/DQ8 negative patients with improbable CD diagnosis, is relatively small. Most of T1D patients HLA DQ2/DQ8 positive need further regular antibody assessment. In patients with T1D, who are at high risk of developing CD, genetic testing may be considered to select those who require further systematic serological evaluation. Due to its retrospective nature, the study was not registered in the database of clinical trials and the Clinical trial registration number is not available.

Background: Liver diseases are among the most commonly diagnosed conditions, with the main risk factors being inappropriate lifestyles, including poor diet, excessive alcohol consumption, low physical activity and smoking, including electronic cigarettes. Non-communicable chronic liver diseases also often develop as a result of accompanying overweight and obesity, as well as type 2 diabetes. Methods: The literature on risk factors for non-communicable chronic liver diseases, which show a high strong influence on their occurrence, was analysed. Results: Measures to prevent non-communicable chronic liver disease include the selection of suitable food ingredients that have proven protective effects on the liver. Such ingredients include dietary fibre, probiotics, herbs, various types of polyphenols and fatty acids (omega-3). Conclusions: Because of their liver-protective effects, nutritionists recommend consuming vegetables, fruits, herbs and spices that provide valuable ingredients with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. These components should be provided with food and, in the case of probiotics, supplementation appears to be important. As a preventive measure, a diet rich in these nutrients is therefore recommended, as well as one that prevents overweight and other diseases that can result in liver disease.

Przewlekłe bóle brzucha są bardzo często występującą dolegliwością w populacji dzieci i młodzieży. W większości przypadków podłożem są czynnościowe zaburzenia przewodu pokarmowego. Jednak u kilku procent dzieci powodem utrzymującego się przewlekle bólu brzucha są schorzenia organiczne zlokalizowane w obrębie przewodu pokarmowego i poza przewodem pokarmowym, w tym również procesy nowotworowe. Wśród przyczyn organicznych, oprócz tych często spotykanych, takich jak: nietolerancje i alergie pokarmowe, choroba refluksowa przełyku, przewlekle zapalenie żołądka i dwunastnicy czy zakażenia układu moczowego, w diagnostyce należy uwzględnić również przyczyny bardzo rzadkie, na przykład choroby nowotworowe, a wśród nich guzy w obrębie jamy brzusznej. W opisywanym przez nas przypadku, u 6-letniej dziewczynki z przewlekłymi bólami brzucha, objawami o charakterze refluksu żołądkowo-przełykowego i zaparciami, z rozpoznaną wcześniej alergią pokarmową i nietolerancją laktozy, z uwagi na wystąpienie objawów alarmowych, ustalono wskazania do poszerzenia diagnostyki. Uwidoczniony w badaniu radiologicznym klatki piersiowej cień krągły na wysokości przepony, okazał się być w badaniu komputerowym, guzem okolicy przykręgosłupowej z cechami charakterystycznymi dla neuroblastoma. Po makroskopowo całkowitej resekcji guza, na podstawie wyniku badania histopatologicznego, ustalono rozpoznanie: ganglineuroblastoma. Obecność objawów alarmowych w badaniu podmiotowym i przedmiotowym u dzieci z bólami brzucha sugeruje wyższe prawdopodobieństwo organicznej przyczyny dolegliwości i zawsze powinno skłaniać do przeprowadzenia poszerzonej diagnostyki. Nerwiak zarodkowy zwojowy (ganglioneuroblastoma) należy do chorób bardzo rzadkich, w większości przypadków zlokalizowany jest pierwotnie w obrębie jamy brzusznej, a najczęstszym związanym z nim objawem jest ból brzucha.