Sponges are the most prolific marine organisms with respect to their arsenal of bioactive compounds including antimicrobials. However, the majority of these substances are probably not produced by the sponge itself, but rather by bacteria or fungi that are associated with their host. This review for the first time provides a comprehensive overview of antimicrobial compounds that are known to be produced by sponge-associated microbes. We discuss the current state-of-the-art by grouping the bioactive compounds produced by sponge-associated microorganisms in four categories: antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal and antiprotozoal compounds. Based on in vitro activity tests, identified targets of potent antimicrobial substances derived from sponge-associated microbes include: human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) (2-undecyl-4-quinolone, sorbicillactone A and chartarutine B); influenza A (H1N1) virus (truncateol M); nosocomial Gram positive bacteria (thiopeptide YM-266183, YM-266184, mayamycin and kocurin); Escherichia coli (sydonic acid), Chlamydia trachomatis (naphthacene glycoside SF2446A2); Plasmodium spp. (manzamine A and quinolone 1); Leishmania donovani (manzamine A and valinomycin); Trypanosoma brucei (valinomycin and staurosporine); Candida albicans and dermatophytic fungi (saadamycin, 5,7-dimethoxy-4-p-methoxylphenylcoumarin and YM-202204). Thirty-five bacterial and 12 fungal genera associated with sponges that produce antimicrobials were identified, with Streptomyces, Pseudovibrio, Bacillus, Aspergillus and Penicillium as the prominent producers of antimicrobial compounds. Furthemore culture-independent approaches to more comprehensively exploit the genetic richness of antimicrobial compound-producing pathways from sponge-associated bacteria are addressed.

Tourism sector is heavily affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and there is no exception for our partners, a tour guide group that providing services for East Asia’s tourists. Their income fell drastically because international flights are closed and unnecessary travel is avoided. However, they are still eager to return to the tourism field when the pandemic is over. Therefore, counseling about the threats and modes of transmission of COVID-19 was provided, as well as training on the health protocols in running a post-pandemic tour guide service business and the use of social media for promotion. The methods used were focus group discussions, counseling and training related to COVID-19 and the application of health protocols, as well as training on the use of social media. The pretest and posttest results show that there is an increase in the partners’ knowledge regarding COVID-19 risks and its transmission, as well as the use of social media for promotion. The implementation of health protocols in tour guide services has also been carried out. It is concluded that this program has provided additional insight for tour guides in preparing themselves in facing the post-pandemic tourism, as well as being more creative in promoting their services. Keywords: empowerment, tour guide, COVID-19, health protocols, online promotion

The increasing prevalence of oxidative stress-related diseases triggers exploration of new antioxidant compounds. Among natural resources, mangrove trees are prominent producer of unique secondary metabolites. This research was designed to determine phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of Sonneratia alba mangrove leaves extract from Ngurah Rai Mangrove Forest, Bali. The study comprises experimental trials with post-test only control group design. Fresh leaves collected from five different S. alba plants were washed, dried, and grinded into powder. One-hundred gram of dried leaves powder was macerated with 500 mL of chloroform for 2x24 hours. The crude extract was analysed for its antioxidant activity based on DPPH assay. While, phytochemical analysis was evaluated using qualitative approaches and GC-MS method. The chloroform extract showed very strong antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ of 15.59±0.78 ppm. Phytochemical analysis displayed that the extract contains tannin, phenol, and steroid, which explain its antioxidant properties. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis showed that this extract consists of four compounds, namely mesitylene, benzene-1,2,4-trimethyl, benzene-1-ethyl-3-methyl, and benzene-1-ethyl-2-methyl. In conclusion, these results present promising antioxidant activity of chloroform extract of S. alba mangrove leaves from Ngurah Rai Mangrove Forest, Bali. Further research is required to isolate and to purify the specific antioxidant bioactive for therapeutic purposes.

Program Keahlian Tata Boga adalah salah satu jurusan yang ditawarkan untuk peserta didik di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) 1 Tembuku Bangli. Program keahlian ini mengajarkan keahlian di bidang memasak berbagai jenis menu makanan baik nasional maupun internasional. Menggoreng makanan adalah satu aktivitas memasak yang diajarkan program tataboga di SMK 1 Tembuku Bangli. Sebagai konsekuensi aktivitas menggoreng akan dihasilkan limbah berupa minyak jelantah. Berdasarkan pemaparan mitra yang diwakilkan oleh ketua program studi tataboga para guru ingin mendapatkan pelatihan cara mengolah limbah minyak jelantah yang dihasilkan selama proses menggoreng menjadi produk yang ramah lingkungan. Mitra juga berharap produk olahan minyak jelantah ini dapat dipasarkan dan menambah nilai ekonomi selain mengurangi limbah cair. Hal ini sejalan dengan program sekolah yang mewajibkan setiap program keahlian menghasilkan satu produk unggulan. Hasil diskusi mengerucut pada keinginan dari mitra untuk diberikan pelatihan dalam mengolah limbah minyak jelantah menjadi sabun. Beranjak dari permasalahan mitra, maka kegiatan PKM akan difokuskan pada solusi penanganan limbah minyak jelantah melalui pemberian penyuluhan kesehatan dan memberikan pelatihan tentang cara pengolahan minyak jelantah menjadi sabun batangan yang dapat dimanfaatkan mitra dan dapat pula diajarkan pada peserta didik mereka. Disamping aspek kesehatan lingkungan, mitra juga akan mendapatkan pelatihan manajemen produksi dan pemasaran produk sabun minyak jelantah. Kegiatan PKM ini akan dikerjakan dengan metode focus group discussion secara tatap muka langsung dan diikuti dengan proses evaluasi dan monitoring. Hasil PKM menunjukkan mitra secara umum memiliki pemahaman dasar tentang dampak minyak jelantah bagi kesehatan, cara mengolah limbah minyak jelantah menjadi sabun dan cara pemasaran produk sabun minyak jelantah. Evaluasi pre dan posttest menunjukkan peningkatan pemahaman mitra yang signifikan mencapai 60% tentang cara membuat sabun berbahan dasar minyak jelantah. Pendampingan terhadap mitra mengindikasikan bahwa mitra sudah mampu secara mandiri mengolah limbah minyak jelantah menjadi sabun. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan kreasi sabun minyak jelantah yang sudah dibuat mitra dan dokumentasi proses pembuatan berupa video dan foto. Sabun minyak jelantah sudah digunakan oleh mitra untuk kegiatan membersihkan kain atau lingkungan sekitar dapur. Mitra juga sudah mengajarkan pada murid-murid di kelas tata boga tentang cara pengolahan limbah minyak jelantah dan memasarkan produk dalam skala kecil. Mitra mengapresiasi bantuan fasilitas alat dan bahan pembuatan sabun minyak jelantah dan telah menggunakan bantuan buku-buku teks yang disumbangkan tim pengabdi kepada perpustakaan sekolah.

Lumpia street food vendors are commonly found at the Sanur Beach Denpasar. These lumpia street vendors regularly produce used cooking oil as the byproduct of frying lumpia. Normally, these lumpia vendors directly pour used cooking oil to soil without any further processing. Therefore, this community service activity was aimed to educate the representative lumpia street vendors to be aware of the negative impact of used cooking oil for health and environment. The representative partners were taught to recycle used cooking oil as washing soap. In addition, partners were equipped with some knowledge on digital marketing to boost lumpia selling during the COVID-19 pandemic. This community service activity was done by applying focus group discussion along with slide presentation of related topics. Evaluation of pre and post test showed increased understanding of partners to 42.5% regarding the negative impact of used cooking oil and the concept of digital marketing. Monitoring and evaluation activities that were performed for 1 months showed that these partners have already managed to recycle used cooking oil as washing soap. Furthermore, partners have frequently marketed their lumpia using social media, which evidently contribute to secure their income during the COVID-19 pandemic. Keywords: used cooking oil, lumpia vendors, soap, digital marketing

Tukang suun merupakan sebutan untuk pekerja yang menjunjung beban di kepala, dan di Bali biasanya dilakukan oleh wanita di pasar. Banyak wanita yang melakukan kegiatan nyuun tanpa memperhatikan aspek ergonomis dari menjunjung beban di kepala. Pada sebagian besar kasus, wanita yang juga bekerja sebagai tukang suun sering mengalami sakit kepala dan keluhan muskuloskeletal. Pada kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini, kami memberikan pelatihan cara nyuun yang ergonomis kepada kelompok Tukang Suun Melati di Pasar Kreneng, Denpasar Utara. Hasil pengabdian menunjukkan bahwa para peserta menunjukkan peningkatan pemahaman mengenai aspek ergonomis kegiatan nyuun setelah mengikuti pelatihan. Diharapkan setelah pelatihan ini, para kader tukang suun dapat secara aktif memberikan informasi kepada para tukang suun lainnya di pasar mengenai cara nyuun yang ergonomis. Kata kunci: tukang suun, pelatihan, keluhan muskuloskeletal, ergonomis