β-(1→3)-Glucans can be found as structural polysaccharides in cereals, in algae or as exo-polysaccharides secreted on the surfaces of mushrooms or fungi. Research has now established that β-(1→3)-glucans can trigger different immune responses and act as efficient immunostimulating agents. They constitute prevalent sources of carbons for microorganisms after subsequent recognition by digesting enzymes. Nevertheless, mechanisms associated with both roles are not yet clearly understood. This review focuses on the variety of elucidated molecular interactions that involve these natural or synthetic polysaccharides and their receptors, i.e., Dectin-1, CR3, glycolipids, langerin and carbohydrate-binding modules.

The basic structure of membrane glycoconjugates in Leishmania still inspires therapeutic drugs fighting against this parasite.

Covering: up to the end of 2010 This review focuses on recent discoveries performed in the field of glycans and related glycoconjugates that have demonstrated immunomodulatory activities. Their tremendous potential for application, as well as some limitations, are also described.