The allelopathic effect studied in many cultures has currently generated great expectations that displayed a natural and environmentally friendly tool for weed management using bioherbicides. The objective of this work was to assess allelopathic influence of residues of S. trilobata on the germination and growth of weeds, as well as their relation with some crops and effects on soil properties. Results show that residues from S. trilobata have inhibited the germination of weeds (31.6 - 72%), increasingly with the applied dose. All residue doses of this specie have inhibited dicotyledonous germination, but only maximum concentration has affected monocotyledons. The residues did not affect onion germination, but stimulated it in radish and tomato, while the dose applied at 50% produced tomato stimulation and inhibition of cabbage. The effects of residues on hypocotyl growth in different crops showed changes in species response. For onion, the three doses had negative effects on the growth of hypocotyl, while tomato was stimulated. For radish, the growth was hindered by any dose applied, and were only different (50 and 100%) compared to control. For cabbage, only hypocotyl length was stimulated, when maximum dose (100%) was applied. For the radicle growth, in onion and radish no differences were found compared to control. While the tomato radicle growth was inhibited, in cabbage, all doses encouraged the elongation of the radicle. The dry mass of weed was affected by increased dose of residue (0.49 - 8.8 g m^-2), however the soil microflora was stimulated, while the population of Azotobacter spp. was not affect. Some soil properties were affected, the level of organic material, Na+ and electrical conductivity were increased, while pH (H₂O) decreased a bit, however it remained basic.

Agroindustrial residues represent a serious environmental problem in the world; in this case, the polluting rice husk, present in the rice fields of Morelos State, is one source of incalculable biomass. The aim of this study was to assess two viable and optimized procedures for obtaining nanocellulose from these wastes. The sieved samples included 4 treatments with different grain sizes (sieves # 10, 15, 30, and 50) and three replicates. They were then processed by an alkaline treatment (NaOH) 5, bleaching with sodium hypochlorite, followed by pretreatment with 0.65 hydrochloric acid (HCl). After drying, the cellulose was subjected to acid hydrolysis with (H₂SO₄) at 64, and was compared to an enzymatic hydrolysis complex. This complex was formed of D-(+) cellobiose and endo-1,4-β-D-glucanase from Acidothermus cellulolyticus. End products were sonicated and dialyzed until they reach a neutral pH. Finally, the nanocellulose was characterized by FTIR, DSC, XRD, SEM, and TEM. Evident results recognize the nanocellulose (NC) synthesis by both routes, with greater contaminants generated in the medium by the acid hydrolysis. It is much more feasible and faster to achieve with enzymatic hydrolysis, less aggressive for the environment, and higher performance. In future trials, the cost-benefit of using the enzyme complex should be assessed as an alternative to replace acid hydrolysis.Key words: acid hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, waste, rice husk, Oryzasativa L, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs).

This work reports the obtention of nanocompounds from epoxy resin (EP) with graphenes at three different oxidation degrees (GO1, GO2, and GO3), functionalized with 3-glycidyloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GPTMS), and three different graphene concentrations (1%, 2%, and 3%). The aim is to improve GO compatibility in EP and obtain a nanocompound with synergistic properties. Ultrasonic bath was used to disperse the GO, a factor in the effective interaction between GO and the polymeric matrix. The nanocompounds were characterized by FTIR, SEM, and mechanical tension testing. The FTIR analysis evidenced stretching bonds created during the functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) with the silane (GPTMS); they are characteristic Si-O-Si and Si-O-C at 1000 and 1085 cm⁻¹, respectively. There was a difference between GO and GO-GPTMS nanocompounds regarding the formation of these signals. The SEM micrographs showed morphological changes when GO was added: the smooth fracture surface of EP became rougher. During tension testing, Young’s modulus (2.09 GPa) of GO2-GPTMS/epoxy nanocompounds (1% weight GO) increased by 35% while their resistance to traction (98.71 MPa) grew by 52%; both were higher than in pure EP. In conclusion, the variables studied (oxidation degrees and silanization) significantly affect the mechanical properties studied.

Some of the limitations for plant acclimatization in vitro in banana cultivation have been poor rooting and slow leaf development, which affect survival in the f ield under stress conditions after planting. The aim of this study is to compare seedling response of Musa cv. Williams treated with biostimulants and commercial de-stressing agents. Thirty days after inoculation, pseudostem diameter (cm), fresh plant mass (g), fresh root mass (g), root number, soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) index, edaphic ionic content and foliar content (pH, CE, NO3-, K+, Na+ and Ca2+) were evaluated. Preliminary results indicated, that StresSal® and (StresSal® + Equilibrium®) showed signif icantly greater pseudostem diameter. The highest radical fresh mass corresponded to (Inicium® + StresSal®). Root number was not signif icantly different. The SPAD index was elevated when StresSal® was applied alone or with Equilibrium®. The treatment (Inicium®+StresSal®) contributed to higher soil acidity. Conductivity (CE), K+ and Na+ were higher when Inicium® + Pro- Fulvic® were applied. As NO3- levels increased with Inicium®, Ca2+ ions decreased signif icantly in soil with Inicium® + StresSal®. Regarding foliar content, the highest pH corresponded to Inicium®, conductivity (CE) was higher with StresSal® and Inicium® + StresSal®, without difference with the control. An increase in NO3- was found with Inicium® + StresSal®. While Na+ and Ca2+ were signif icantly higher with Inicium® + Pro-Fulvic®.

The lack of environmental awareness of agricultural producers is one of the challenges facing the problem of agro-industrial waste, coupled with few resources allocated to the development of new technologies and poor government policies for the management of such waste. An important potential has recently been recognised, with the obtaining of cellulose as the basis of the production of nano biocomposites. The objective of this work was the obtaining and characterisation of cellulose and nanocellulose from agro-industrial residues of rice (Oryza sativa L.) Var. ‘Morelos A-2010’, in Morelos state. The methodology used included the analysis of husk samples with three replicas, ground and sieved, which were processed by alkaline extraction (NaOH) 5%, bleaching with sodium hypochlorite 1%, followed by a pretreatment with hydrochloric acid (HCl) 0.65%. After drying, the cellulose was subjected to acid hydrolysis with (H₂SO₄) at 64% and then a sonication process, washings with low centrifugation and final drying of the fibre. The final product was characterised by spectrum in (FTIR), (DSC) and visualisation of its morphology, by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results showed potential yields of 29 to 41% cellulose and a purity similar to the commercial standard of crystalline cellulose, which evidenced the possibility of using this agro-industrial by- product of Var rice. ‘Morelos A-2010’ as a source for obtaining nanocellulose in the region.

El objetivo del estudio consistió en determinar la combinación trampa-atrayente más adecuada para el monitoreo del complejo Anastrepha, en este frutal. El ensayo se realizó en una huerta comercial de naranja, variedad “Valencia” en el estado de Morelos, durante dos períodos (Octubre-Noviembre/2020 y Enero-Febrero/2021) para un total de 12 semanas. Se emplearon ocho tratamientos, con dos combinaciones (trampas-atrayentes) y dos testigos. Se analizó el número de adultos capturados y la proporción por sexo hembras: machos/tratamientos y se identificaron las especies presentes. Como resultado fueron clasificadas tres especies de Anastrepha: A. ludens, A. obliqua, A. striata. Informándose como más abundante a A. ludens. Las hembras, tuvieron mayor prevalencia que los machos, siendo esta especie, la que arrojó la mayor proporción con (3:1) y (1,8:1) en ambos períodos. Mientras, que en A. obliqua, fue a la inversa (1: 2) en el primer período y (0,69:1) en el segundo período. La mejor combinación de trampa-atrayente correspondió a los tratamientos (PET-Cera Trap®) y (Multilure®-Cera Trap®), los que alcanzaron el mayor número de moscas atrapadas y el mayor índice (MTD), con 0,2292 y 0,2024 respectivamente. De las variables climáticas analizadas, la temperatura media, tuvo una correlación positiva sobre las especies del insecto en ambos períodos, con mayor influencia sobre A. ludens, la que mostró mejor adaptación a las condiciones de la localidad en el cultivo de la naranja.