In this study, methanol extracts (MEs) and essential oil (EO) of Angelica purpurascens (Avé-Lall.) Gill obtained from different parts (root, stem, leaf, and seed) were evaluated in terms of antioxidant activity, total phenolics, compositions of phenolic compound, and essential oil with the methods of 2,2-azino-bis(3ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH•) radical scavenging activities, and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), the Folin–Ciocalteu, liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (LC−MS/MS), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC−MS), respectively. The root extract of A. purpurascens exhibited the highest ABTS•+, DPPH•, and FRAP activities (IC50: 0.05 ± 0.0001 mg/mL, IC50: 0.06 ± 0.002 mg/mL, 821.04 ± 15.96 µM TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity), respectively). Moreover, EO of A. purpurascens root displayed DPPH• scavenging activity (IC50: 2.95 ± 0.084 mg/mL). The root extract had the highest total phenolic content (438.75 ± 16.39 GAE (gallic acid equivalent), µg/mL)). Twenty compounds were identified by LC−MS/MS. The most abundant phenolics were ferulic acid (244.39 ± 15.64 μg/g extract), benzoic acid (138.18 ± 8.84 μg/g extract), oleuropein (78.04 ± 4.99 μg/g extract), and rutin (31.21 ± 2.00 μg/g extract) in seed, stem, root, and leaf extracts, respectively. According to the GC−MS analysis, the major components were determined as α-bisabolol (22.93%), cubebol (14.39%), α-pinene (11.63%), and α-limonene (9.41%) among 29 compounds. Consequently, the MEs and EO of A. purpurascens can be used as a natural antioxidant source.

Background: Medicinal plant oils are used in the treatment of various human diseases due to their phytochemical components. Recently, enzyme inhibition studies have been increasing in cosmetics, the food industry, and especially pharmaceuticals.Objective: The main goal of this study is to focus on a specific interaction between the essential oil components of Mentha longifolia ssp. longifolia and carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme in vitro and in silico.Methods: The chemical composition of the essential oil was identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The CA inhibitory activity of M. longifolia essential oil was investigated by using esterase activity for the first time in this study. Molecular docking was performed separately for two different CA isoforms (CA-II and CA-IX).Results: Among fourteen components identified, piperitone (27.14%), 2-acetylcyclopentanone (21.05%), p-menthan-3-one (13.90%), menthan (6.60%), and piperitone oxide (6.52%) were defined as the major compounds. The essential oil showed remarkable inhibitory activity against CA with an IC50 value of 0.010 mg/mL. According to the molecular docking analysis, caryophyllene oxide (-6.5 kcal/mol for CAIX isoform, -6.8 kcal/mol for CA-II isoform) and trans-caryophyllene (-6.3 kcal/mol for CA-IX isoform, - 6.7 kcal/mol for CA-II isoform) molecules showed the best inhibitory activity in two different CA isoforms. In this study, it was determined that all molecules are bioavailable by ADMET analyses.Conclusion: The results of this study are valuable for the development of natural and new CA enzyme inhibitors without side effects in the treatment of diseases, such as glaucoma, obesity, and epilepsy.

This study aimed to investigate the phenolic compounds, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activities of Pinus sylvestris L. var hamata Steven, Pinus pinaster Aiton subsp. pinaster, and Pinus pinea L. bark extracts prepared with hot water. The phenolic composition and total phenolic content (TPC) of extracts were determined by Reversed Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector (RP-HPLC-DAD) and Folin–Ciocâlteu method, respectively. The antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical scavenging and ferric ion (III) reducing / antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Besides, the highest total phenolic content was detected in P. pinea bark extract [984.46±4.08 μg mL-1 gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and 1163.33±4.04 μg mL-1 catechin equivalent (CE)] and the lowest result was detected in P. sylvestris bark extract (361.53±3.52 μg mL-1 GAE and 427.26±4.17 μg mL-1 CE). Among the tested materials, the most abundant phenolic compounds in P. pinea bark extract were catechin (3.586±0.114 mg g-1) and taxifolin (1.866±0.096 mg g-1). According to the antioxidant results, P. pinea bark extract exhibited remarkable antioxidant activity than standard BHT and Trolox [SC50: 1.64310±0.00003 µg mL-1 for DPPH and 1428.75±5.62 µM Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) for FRAP]. The obtained results indicated that pine bark extracts can be used as an easily obtainable natural source of antioxidants for the food and pharmaceutical industry.

The essential oils (EOs) constituents have trade importance due to their bioactivities. In this research, the essential oil of the roots of Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty cultivated in Giresun was obtained by hydrodistillation. Then, the chemical composition and biological activities of Chrysopogon zizanioides root essential oil (CEO) were studied. Thirty compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the major compounds were determined as isobutyl-angelate (11.15%), α-muurolene (10.56%), α-cedrene (8.42%), α-patchoulene (8.10%), and ethylene brassylate (7.49%). The antimicrobial effect of CEO was investigated against pathogenic bacteria and fungus. Minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) was determined 31.25 μg/mL against C. albicans and between 62.5 and 125 μg/mL against the rest of the microorganisms. According to the antioxidant assays, the total phenolic content of CEO was found to be 13.70 ± 2.10 μg/mL gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and 24.67 ± 3.79 μg/mL catechin equivalent (CE). Ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) of CEO was found to be 356.44 ± 2.34 μM Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) was determined as IC₅₀ to be 7.124 ± 0.076 μg/mL. According to the obtained results, CEO has significant antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. This study is the first report determining the chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oil obtained from vetiver grown in the Black Sea Region of Turkey.

This paper includes the results of the first study about the phenolic characteristics and antimicrobial analyses of Geranium ibericum subsp. jubatum species found in Turkey . In the present work, the phenolic contents of different parts of the G. ibericum (flower, root, leaf) were determined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)–DAD (diode-array detector) and liquid chromatography (LC)–MS/MS (mass spectrometry). The following phenolic compounds were investigated: catechin, protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, chlorogenic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, p -coumaric acid, rutin, naringenin, kaempferol . Based on the results obtained, the roots and flowers of the plant are found to be very rich in ellagic acid (3473.57 µg g-1 dry plant) and catechin (2228.76 µg g-1 dry plant). The amount of chlorogenic acid (54.570 µg g-1 dry plant) is also high in the roots. The amounts of protocatechuic acid (122.5 µg g-1 dry plant) and gallic acid (725.34 µg g-1 dry plant) are high in the leaves. In addition, the total extract of G. ibericum obtained from leaf, flower, and root was tested against 6 gram-negative bacteria and Candida albicans . The G. ibericum extract was nearly as effective as commercial antibiotics at some concentrations (500-750 µg µL-1) for Acinetobacter baumannii , Klebsiella pneumonia , Proteus mirabilis , and Bacillus cereus .