Simple analytical formulas are introduced for the grid impedance of electrically dense arrays of square patches and for the surface impedance of high-impedance surfaces based on the dense arrays of metal strips or square patches over ground planes. Emphasis is on the oblique-incidence excitation. The approach is based on the known analytical models for strip grids combined with the approximate Babinet principle for planar grids located at a dielectric interface. Analytical expressions for the surface impedance and reflection coefficient resulting from our analysis are thoroughly verified by full-wave simulations and compared with available data in open literature for particular cases. The results can be used in the design of various antennas and microwave or millimeter wave devices which use artificial impedance surfaces and artificial magnetic conductors (reflect-array antennas, tunable phase shifters, etc.), as well as for the derivation of accurate higher-order impedance boundary conditions for artificial (high-) impedance surfaces. As an example, the propagation properties of surface waves along the high-impedance surfaces are studied.

Dielectric rod waveguide antennas of rectangular cross section have a number of advantages over conventional waveguide and horn antennas as an antenna array element. Dielectric rod waveguide antennas have relatively low cost, low losses, a broadband input match and a high packing potential. Additionally the radiation pattern of such antennas is almost frequency independent. In this paper the suitability of Sapphire rod waveguides for an antenna array is studied with simulations and prototype measurements at W band. Strong mutual coupling is observed when the elements are close to each other.

We propose a dielectric rod waveguide antenna (DRW) integrated with a photomixer as a THz emitter. This represents a different approach as opposed to the classical solution of a substrate lens. Main goals are an inexpensive alternative to substrate lenses, reduction of both reflections on the semiconductor-air interface and scattering of terahertz-generated power into the substrate. A radiation pattern measured at 137 GHz is shown as a proof-of-concept. In order to increase radiated power, the improvement of the rod antenna is discussed. Finally, as an application example, evanescent coupling of the DRW into a high index whispering gallery mode resonator is shown.

Antennas based on dielectric rod waveguide made of GaAs and fused sapphire cut along its optical axis inserted in the end of a standard WR-10 metal waveguide are investigated with computer simulations and experiments in the W band. The radiation pattern is found to be similar to that of the open metal waveguide end, but less frequency-dependent beamwidth and input match: measured return loss is more than 25 dB.