Neuroinflammation is a trigger for several neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Exposure to noxious external stimuli induces homeostatic disturbances resulting in morphological changes in microglia, their activation, and elaboration of pro-inflammatory mediators. This leads to neuroinflammation with the progressive loss of neurons. Nutraceuticals such as anthocyanins are a class of brightly colored bioactive compounds present in fruits and vegetables with purported health benefits. They interfere with the activation of several signaling cascades that have a prominent role in preventing neuroinflammation. More importantly, anthocyanins can cross the blood-brain barrier and are safe. Hence, the current review focuses on the bioavailability of anthocyanins, clinical and in vitro evidence on their role in impeding the activation of transcription factors, modulating the immune milieu within the central nervous system, preventing the activation of microglia, and averting neuroinflammation.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a significant public health concern worldwide and many people continue to ignore their early warning symptoms. The present study assessed the level of knowledge about CKD the awareness of the risk factors and the awareness of the complications associated with CKD, among the general population of Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia. 440 residents of Jazan Province participated in an online cross-sectional survey during a seven-month period from November (2020) to July (2021). Data was collected using a validated 73-item self-report survey. More than half of the respondents were males (n = 286; 65%) with an age ranging from 18 to 59 years, and a mean age of 32.66 years (SD ± 10.83). A very low percentage of the sample (27.3%; 7.5%, 9.3%) demonstrated good knowledge, a high level of awareness of the risk factors, and a high level of awareness of the complications associated with CKD, respectively. Participants’ knowledge was significantly associated with being a student or being employed (Government/private employee) (χ² = 29.90; p < 0.001), having completed graduate studies (χ² = 63.86; p < 0.001), residing in urban areas (χ² = 138.62; p < 0.001), belonging to the age group (18–39 years), and having no co-morbidities (χ² = 24.55; p < 0.001). Positive and significant correlations were also noted between the knowledge score and the awareness of risk factor score (r = 0.42; p < 0.01), as well as the awareness of complications score (r = 0.25; p < 0.01). These findings warrant an urgent need for extensive CKD educational initiatives concentrating on improving the general knowledge and awareness of the public towards CKD.

Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is a multifaceted disorder characterised by peripheral nerve damage, manifesting in symptoms like pain, weakness, and autonomic dysfunction. This review assesses preclinical models in PN research, evaluating their relevance to human disease and their role in therapeutic development. The Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model is widely used to simulate diabetic neuropathy but has limitations in faithfully replicating disease onset and progression. Cisplatin-induced PN models are suitable for studying chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) and closely resemble human pathology. However, they may not fully replicate the spectrum of sensory and motor deficits. Paclitaxel-induced models also contribute to understanding CIPN mechanisms and testing neuroprotective agents. Surgical or trauma-induced models offer insights into nerve regeneration and repair strategies. Medications such as gabapentin, pregabalin, duloxetine, and fluoxetine have demonstrated promise in these models, enhancing our understanding of their therapeutic efficacy. Despite progress, developing models that accurately mirror human PN remains imperative due to its complex nature. Continuous refinement and innovative approaches are critical for effective drug discovery. This review underscores the strengths and limitations of current models and advocates for an integrated approach to address the complexities of PN better and optimise treatment outcomes.

Background: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a life-threatening complication, can occur in individuals with type 2 diabetes during illness, stress, or medication use. This study examines DKA signals in type 2 diabetes, focusing on sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. Methods: DKA reports from Q1 2019 to Q3 2024 were retrieved from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Associations between primary exposure and outcomes were ascertained using four key metrics: Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR), Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR), Empirical Bayes Geometric Mean (EBGM), and Information Component (IC). Results: SGLT2 inhibitors exhibited the higher DKA risk in 2019–2021 (ROR: 314.86 [95% CI 301.76–328.53], PRR of 245.69 [95% CI 235.47–256.36], IC of 6.90, and EBGM of 120), declining in 2022–2024. GLP-1 receptor agonists showed an ROR increase from 2.88 [95% CI 2.56–3.25] in 2019–2021 to 4.64 [95% CI 4.06–5.29] in 2022–2023, slightly declining to 3.95 [95% CI 3.27–4.74] in 2024. DPP-4 inhibitors exhibited a steady ROR rise from 6.81 [95% CI 5.52–8.40] in 2019–2021 to 8.57 [95% CI 6.24–11.76] in 2022–2023 and further to 11.02 [95% CI 6.71–18.10] in 2024. PRR, EBGM, and IC values followed similar trends. The age groups 41–60 and 61–91 years were the most affected, with hospitalization at its highest rate for DPP4-inhibitors in Q1–Q3 of 2024. Hospitalizations were also observed with GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors. Life-threatening events and fatalities were also reported, with physicians contributing to most reports. Conclusions: DKA signals were observed for all three drug classes, particularly among elderly patients, highlighting the need for careful monitoring, especially during periods of illness or stress. However, the risk was higher in the SGLT2 inhibitor group than in the other groups.