Objective: This study aimed to compare and rank the effectiveness of aerobic exercise (AE), resistance training (RT), combined aerobic and resistance training (CT), and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on body composition and inflammatory cytokine levels in overweight and obese individuals by using network meta-analysis (NMA). Methods: We searched the PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science, and EBSCO databases to identify randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of exercise training on inflammatory cytokines in overweight and obese patients. The retrieval period was from inception to November 2021. Two reviewers independently screened the retrieved articles, extracted the pertinent data, and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies; then, they used Stata 16.0 and Review Manager 5.3 to perform an NMA. Results: A total of 38 studies involving 1317 patients were included in this study. The results of the NMA indicated that AE had the greatest effect on weight loss (SUCRA=78.3; SMD=−0.51, 95% CI: −0.70, −0.33); CT had the greatest effect on reducing body mass index (SUCRA=70.7; SMD=−0.46, 95% CI: −0.81, −0.10), waist circumference (SUCRA=93.4; SMD=−1.86, 95% CI: −2.80, −0.93), percentage body fat (SUCRA=79.6; SMD=−1.38, 95% CI: −2.29, −0.48), interleukin-6 level (SUCRA=86.4; SMD=−1.98, 95% CI: −3.87, −0.09), and tumor necrosis factor-α level (SUCRA=79.4; SMD=−2.08, 95% CI: −3.75, −0.42); AE (SMD=0.51, 95% CI: −1.68, 2.69), RT (SMD=0.15, 95% CI: −3.01, 3.32), CT (SMD=1.78, 95% CI: −1.35, 4.92), and HIIT (SMD=2.29, 95% CI: −1.27, 5.86) did not significantly increase the adiponectin level. Conclusion: The current results suggest that CT is the best exercise modality for improving body composition and inflammatory status in overweight and obese individuals. More rigorous randomized control trials are needed for further validation. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42022303165.

Objective. Inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and the occurrence of insulin resistance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise on inflammatory factors in patients with T2DM. Methods. A systematic review was conducted on five databases, Cochrane, Embase, Pubmed, Web of Science, and EBSCO. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between establishment of the database and November 2020 without restrictions on language were included. Studies evaluated the effects of exercise intervention on inflammatory cytokines in patients with T2DM were selected. Results. Twenty-three randomized controlled trials (1350 patients) were included in our meta-analysis. Exercise can significantly reduce the level of C-reactive protein (CRP) (MD: −0.79, 95% CI: −1.26 to −0.33, ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (MD: −2.33, 95% CI: −3.39 to −1.27, ), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (MD: −0.42, 95% CI: −0.60 to −0.24, ) in T2DM patients. Conclusion. The findings of this review suggest that exercise reduces inflammatory cytokines (CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6) in T2DM patients. More studies with high methodological qualities and large sample sizes need to be done to confirm which forms of exercise are most effective.

Background: Sleep deprivation can significantly affect sports performance and the perception of fatigue. However, the impact of sleep deprivation on sports performance remains a subject of ongoing debate across different populations.Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of sleep deprivation on sports performance and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) in different groups, as well as how different types of sleep deprivation affect these aspects.Methods: This systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO CRD42023492792). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and randomized crossover studies published in any language or up to any date were eligible based on the P.I.C.O.S. criteria. The systematic search included databases such as PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science, and EBSCO, covering studies up to September 2024. The Cochrane RoB 2 tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Meta-analysis was conducted using either a fixed-effect model or a random-effects model. This study conducted subgroup analyses based on different populations, types of sleep deprivation, and testing times.Results: This review includes 45 studies, comprising 16 on aerobic endurance (AE) performance, 8 on anaerobic endurance (AnE) performance, 23 on explosive power (EP), 10 on maximum force (MF), 4 on speed, 4 on skill control, and 12 on rating of perceived exertion (RPE). The results indicate that sleep deprivation significantly impaired AE in athletes [SMD = −0.66; 95% CI (−1.28, −0.04); P = 0.04], as well as EP [SMD = −0.63; 95% CI (−0.94, −0.33); P < 0.00001], MF [SMD = −0.35; 95% CI (−0.56, −0.14); P = 0.001], speed [SMD = −0.52, 95% CI (−0.83, −0.22); P = 0.0008], skill control [SMD = −0.87; 95% CI (−1.7, −0.04); P = 0.04], and RPE [SMD = 0.39; 95% CI (0.11, 0.66); P = 0.006]. Additionally, AE was also reduced in healthy non-athletes [SMD = −1.02; 95% CI (−1.84, −0.21); P = 0.01]. During the sleep deprivation process, early sleep deprivation (PSDE) significantly reduced EP [SMD = −1.04; 95% CI (−1.58, −0.5); P = 0.0002], MF [SMD = −0.57; 95% CI (−0.94, −0.19); P = 0.003], speed [SMD = −0.78; 95% CI (−1.35, −0.2); P = 0.008], and RPE [SMD = 0.6; 95% CI (0.17, 1.02); P = 0.006]. Late sleep deprivation (PSDB) impacted speed [SMD = −0.57; 95% CI (−1.15, 0.01); P = 0.05], skill control [SMD = −2.12; 95% CI (−3.01, −1.24); P < 0.00001], and RPE [SMD = 0.47; 95% CI (0.02, 0.92); P = 0.04]. Overall, total sleep deprivation primarily affected AE [SMD = −0.56; 95% CI (−1.08, −0.05); P = 0.03]. In terms of testing phases, p.m. tests had a significant impact on AE [SMD = −1.4; 95% CI (−2.47, −0.34); P = 0.01], EP [SMD = −0.68; 95% CI (−1.06, −0.31); P = 0.0004], MF [SMD = −0.3; 95% CI (−0.51, −0.09); P = 0.005], skill control [SMD = −2.12; 95% CI (−3.01, −1.24); P < 0.00001], and RPE [SMD = 0.72; 95% CI (0.20, 1.24); P = 0.007]. In contrast, a.m. tests primarily affected speed [SMD = −0.81; 95% CI (−1.52, −0.1); P = 0.03] and RPE [SMD = 0.44; 95% CI (0.01, 0.86); P = 0.04].Conclusion: Sleep deprivation significantly impairs athletes' performance across various domains, including AE, MF, speed, and skill control, while also exacerbating RPE. In contrast, although sleep deprivation also negatively affects the AE of healthy non-athletes. Furthermore, PSDE appears to have a more pronounced effect on sports performance overall. Additionally, performance assessments conducted in the p.m. have been shown to further impact sports performance. These findings are crucial for understanding how sleep deprivation impacts both athletes and non-athletes, particularly in the context of training and competitive settings.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on vascular function in patients with pre- and hypertension.Methods: A systematic review of articles retrieved via the PubMed, Embase, EBSCO, and Web of Science databases was conducted. All the randomized controlled trials published between the establishment of the databases and October 2022 were included. Studies that evaluated the effects of exercise intervention on vascular function in patients with pre- and hypertension were selected.Results: A total of 717 subjects were included in 12 randomized controlled trials. The meta-analysis showed that in patients with pre- and hypertension, exercise can significantly reduce systolic blood pressure (SBP) (MD = –4.89; 95% CI, –7.05 to –2.73; P < 0.00001) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (MD = –3.74; 95% CI, –5.18 to –2.29; P < 0.00001) and can improve endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilatation (MD = 2.14; 95% CI, 1.71–2.61; P < 0.00001), and exercise did not reduce pulse wave velocity (PWV) (MD = 0.03, 95% CI, –0.45–0.50; P = 0.92). Regression analysis showed that changes in exercise-related vascular function were independent of subject medication status, baseline SBP, age and duration of intervention.Conclusion: Aerobic, resistance, and high-intensity intermittent exercise all significantly improved SBP, DBP, and FMD in pre- and hypertensive patients, however, they were not effective in reducing PWV, and this effect was independent of the subject’s medication status, baseline SBP, age and duration of intervention.Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42022302646.

Background: Childhood obesity has become a major public health problem in China. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of age and sex on the relationship between fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM), fat-free mass index (FFMI) and fat mass index (FMI) in Chinese children using body composition chart analysis, and to compare the changing pattern with Caucasian and Japanese counterparts.Methods: A total of 1458 children (790 boys and 668 girls) between 5 and 18 years of age were studied to determine a body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis. The relationship of FFM and FM, FFMI and FMI were delineated by body composition charts.Results: Different changing patterns in body composition were observed during 5-11y (younger age group), and 12-18y (older age group), with non-significant sex difference with FM and FMI for the younger age group and significant sex and age differences for the older age group. For the younger age group, simultaneous increase of FFM and FM was found in both genders. However, for the older age group, the increase in weight and BMI with age is largely due to the increment of FFM and FFMI in boys, and of FM and FMI in girls. In addition, different changing patterns in body composition exist between Chinese children and their Caucasian and Japanese counterparts, largely due to the higher fat mass component in Chinese subjects.Conclusions: Our results indicate that age- and gender-related changing patterns of body composition in Chinese children may differ at different growth stage, and differ with those in Caucasian and Japanese children at the same age period. Such changing patterns should be considered when designing the intervention proposal for childhood obesity in China.