In the present study Mentha arvensis medaited Magnesium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by novel green route followed by advanced characterization via XRD, FTIR, UV, SEM, TEM, DLS and TGA. The mean grain size of 32.4 nm and crystallite fcc morphology were confirmed by X-ray diffractive analysis. Scanning and Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed the spherical and elliptical morphologies of the biosynthesized nanoparticles. Particle surface charge of −16.1 mV were determined by zeta potential and zeta size of 30–120 nm via dynamic light scattering method. Fourier transform spectroscopic analysis revealed the possible involvement of functional groups in the plant extract in reduction of Mg²⁺ ions to Mg⁰. Furthermore, the antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer, anti-cancer, and anti-H. pylori activities were performed. The results revealed that MgO-NPs has significant anti-H. pyloric potential by giving ZOI of 17.19 ± 0.83 mm against Helicobacter felis followed by Helicobacter suis. MgO-NPs inhibited protein kinase enzyme up to 12.44 ± 0.72% at 5 mg/mL and thus showed eminent anticancer activity. Significant free radicals scavenging and hemocompatability was also shown by MgO-NPs. MgO-NPs also displayed good inhibition potential against Hela cell lines with maximum inhibition of 49.49 ± 1.18 at 400 µg/mL. Owing to ecofriendly synthesis, non-toxic and biocompatible nature, Mentha arvensis synthesized MgO-NPs can be used as potent antimicrobial agent in therapeutic applications.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by Leishmania tropica, Leishmania major and other members of the same species, poses significant challenges in the public health sector, especially in developing countries. The limitations of current treatments, including toxicity, resistance, availability, and cost effectiveness, necessitate the development of novel therapeutics. This study investigated the leishmanicidal potential of five Thiadiazine thione derivatives (THTT) against L. tropica, at a dose range of 25–426 µM using an MTT assay. Compounds T9, T24, T25 (tris-THTT) and PG (mono-THTT) exhibited notable IC₅₀ values of 20.01, 26.94, 27.71, and 82.79 µM, respectively. Moreover, the same compounds demonstrated promising docking scores against critical leishmanial enzymes, such as Trypanothione reductase, Trypanothione synthetase, Leishmanolysin, and C24-sterol methyl transferase. Hemolytic assay revealed that all the compounds are non-toxic at lower concentrations. Mono-THTTs (PG and BG) showed higher CC₅₀ values i.e., 401.65, 375.68 as compared to tris-THTTs (T9, T24, T25) which is 104.61, 104.51 and 89.73 µM respectively. All derivatives showed high selectivity indices (SI) compared to the standard drug Amphotericin-B. Furthermore, in-silico investigations targeting COX1 and COX2 enzymes unveiled a high affinity of the tested compounds towards these enzymes, indicating their potential involvement as anti-inflammatory agents. Subsequent in-vitro HRBC membrane stabilization and egg albumin denaturation assays confirmed the anti-inflammatory potential of all the compounds. These findings validate THTT derivatives as an effective and novel class of anti-leishmanial agents against L. tropica with a favorable safety profile and potential anti-inflammatory properties. Further research is recommended to elucidate their mechanisms of action and in-vivo efficacy.